This study aimed to identify the pathogens causing clinical mastitis (CM) and their resistance levels to six common antimicrobials in a dairy farm in Turkey. A total of 973 CM milk samples were cultured and a Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was performed for antimicrobial susceptibility. While 64.0% (623/973) of CM samples were culture-positive, 36.0% (350/973) of CM samples yielded no growth. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (36.3%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (8.3%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (7.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.1%), Streptococcus uberis (1.5%), Enterococcus spp. (1.4%), Mycoplasma spp. (1.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (0.7%), and Corynebacterium spp. (0.4%). Antimicrobial resistance was higher (P > 0.01) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC, 32.3%) than that to enrofloxacin (ENR, 23.4%), cefoperazone (CFP, 17.9%), cefquinome (CEQ, 17.7%), penicillin G (P, 15.2%), and gentamicin (CN, 3.6%) in culture-positive 642 isolates. For E. coli isolates, percentage of resistance to AMC, ENR, CFP, CEQ, P, and CN was 37.7, 30.6, 24.4, 23.2, 5.9, and 1.1%, respectively. Resistance to AMC (31.2%) and P (46.3%) was higher in CNS than Strep. dysgalactiae isolates (1.5% and 12.7%), respectively. Multidrug resistance was detected in 34 E. coli isolates (9.6%), 7 CNS isolates (8.6%), and 2 Strep. dysgalactiae (2.8%). In conclusion, the higher identification of E. coli demonstrated the higher risk of environmental microorganisms for CM in this study. Higher resistance to commonly used five of six antimicrobials showed the requirement of frequent bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for CM. Thus, these implementations could increase treatment efficacy in cows and reduce antimicrobial resistance.

An intravaginal sponge impregnated with progesterone is commonly used for estrus induction and synchronization in ewes. Although using an intravaginal sponge containing progesterone positively affects the synchronization rate, varying degrees of vaginitis occur during its application. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of various intravaginal treatment options on the vaginitis severity and pregnancy rate in Merino ewes synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone. During the breeding period, 589 ewes, aged 2–6, received intravaginal sponges for 14 days. The control group (CON) received no treatment, whereas vaginal sponges absorbed with enrofloxacin (ENR), Lactobacillus plantarum (LAC), or Lactobacillus plantarum supernatant (CFS) were applied in the treatment groups. All groups received 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin intramuscularly. The ENR group showed lower scores in vaginal discharge and sponge odor compared with the CON, LAC, and CFS groups. Although estrus responses did not differ between groups, the pregnancy rate tended to be higher in the ENR group. In conclusion, intravaginal ENR application, but not LAC or CFS, reduced vaginitis severity and tended to increase pregnancy rates in ewes synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with progesterone.

The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the effect of subclinical ketosis on milk yield on Days 7, 14 and 21 in cows that received oral glucogenic precursor in early postpartum period and (2) to compare the reproductive performance after a combination of automated estrus alerts and fixed‐timed artificial insemination in subclinically ketotic and non‐ketotic cows. Holstein Friesian cows (n = 464) received 500 mL of propylene glycol once daily for 10 days in milk. Overall, 122 cows (26.3%) tested positive for at least one SCK during the first 3 weeks, which left 342 cows (73.7%) with negative test results for SCK. The prevalence of SCK was higher (p < 0.01) on Day 7 (18.5%) than on Days 14 (7.7%) and 21 (8.4%) in cows. The high spontaneous recovery rate (74.4% in the first and 22.2% in the second measurements) was observed between Day 7 and Day 21. SCK prevalence was not influenced (p > 0.05) by milk production (high or low). Although no differences in milk yield were observed in the early postpartum period, cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis showed a noticeable decline in milk production by Day 21. Moreover, SCK did not affect (p > 0.05) the percentage of estrus expression, the interval from calving to the first insemination and pregnancy rate. Semen type and parity were major factors for pregnancy rate (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subclinically ketotic status did not affect milk yield and reproductive performance in cows receiving oral propylene glycol during the early postpartum period. These findings suggest that the expected detrimental effects of SCK can be mitigated through early postpartum supplementation with glucogenic precursors and appropriate reproductive management.