Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disease that primarily affects immunosuppressed patients. CMVR is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is the leading cause of blindness in this group; however, the incidence of CMVR in HIV patients has dramatically decreased with antiretroviral therapy. Other causes of immunosuppression, including organ transplantation, hematologic malignancies, and iatrogenic immunosuppression, can also lead to the development of CMVR. Herein, we describe the pathogenesis of CMVR and compare clinical features, epidemiology, and risk factors in HIV and non-HIV infected individuals with CMVR.

A kinase inhibitor shows promise as a topical antiviral against ocular herpes.

An unpretentious way to synthesize different sized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using the dried fruit extract of Tribulus terrestris has been investigated. GNPs were formed due to the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) treated with the T. terrestris fruit extract. Formation of GNPs was periodically characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy. IR spectrum revealed that phytochemicals in the extract played a key role in GNPs synthesis and stability. An anisotropic structure of GNPs with average sizes of 7nm (GNP7) and 55nm (GNP55) uses 1 and 2mM HAuCl4. The biogenic GNP showed a size dependent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity against multidrug resistant H. pylori strains. Furthermore, biogenic GNPs possess an excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of a toxic, p-nitroaniline to p-phenylenediamine as non-toxic by-product. Interestingly, In vitro cell viability of GNP7 and GNP55 on AGS cell lines showed no toxicity at the MIC of H. pylori. The biogenic GNP has excellent biocompatibility, anti-H. pylori and catalytic properties of multifaceted biomedical applications

Significance: Although heparan sulfate (HS) modified by a 3- O -sulfate (3-OS) has been implicated in many biological processes, there is only a rudimentary understanding of ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins requiring this type of modification. We developed a modular synthetic approach that provided a structurally diverse collection of HS oligosaccharides with and without 3-OS. The compounds were printed as a glycan microarray to determine ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins, which revealed specific HS sequons for binding, and led to the discovery of proteins needing 3-OS for binding. The compounds made it possible to determine receptor requirements of herpes simplex virus, and substrate specificities of heparin lyases. The platform provides an important means to examine the biology of 3-OS−modified HS.