The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated profound changes in the business and technology landscapes, compelling organizations to reassess their Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Traditional ERP systems have demonstrated significant limitations in agility, scalability, and resilience, prompting a strategic shift towards cloud-based ERP solutions. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to critically evaluate the transformation of ERP systems through the adoption of Microservice Architecture (MSA) and the integration of Managed Service Providers (MSPs), highlighting their role in enhancing system flexibility and operational continuity in a post-pandemic world. We conducted a systematic analysis of 124 scholarly articles published since 2010 to compare traditional ERP systems with MSA-based Cloud ERP solutions. Key insights reveal that MSA significantly improves system modularity and adaptability, addressing the shortcomings of monolithic architectures. Additionally, MSPs offer crucial support in managing the complexities of cloud transitions, ensuring security and efficiency. Our findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach to ERP modernization, integrating technological advancements with strategic business objectives. This study not only fills a critical gap in the literature but also provides actionable recommendations for practitioners and policymakers aiming to enhance ERP systems’ resilience and agility. Future research directions are proposed to further explore the synergistic potential of cloud ERP, MSA, and MSPs in fostering innovative and sustainable business practices.