Interleukin-5 functions as a B-cell differentiation factor, but more importantly, in the context of this review, it plays a variety of roles in eosinophil biology, including eosinophil differentiation and maturation in the bone marrow, and facilitates eosinophil migration to tissue sites, usually in the context of an allergic reaction. Given the availability of selective anti-IL-5 drugs such as mepolizumab and reslizumab, as well as the IL-5 receptor antagonist benralizumab, it is worth investigating whether they could be used in some cases of allergic disease. Asthma has a well-documented involvement of IL-5 in its pathophysiology and has clear benefits in the case of anti-IL-5 therapy; therefore, current knowledge is presented to provide a reference point for the study of less-described diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its association with both IL-5 and anti-IL-5 treatment options. We then review the current literature on these diseases, explain where appropriate potential reasons why anti-IL-5 treatments are ineffective, and then point out possible future directions for further research.

Asthma is a complex chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and obstruction. Many genes have been identified as associated with asthma but none with such substantial significance as the ADAM33 gene due to its role in airway remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the genetic and functional aspects of ADAM33 in asthma pathogenesis. We highlight its genetic variants associated with asthma susceptibility and severity, as well as the functional effects of ADAM33 on airway remodeling, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and its interplay with environmental factors. Additionally, we discuss the potential clinical implications of ADAM33 as a therapeutic target for asthma management.

Introduction and objective: The treatment of ADHD remains a topic of global discussion among researchers and clinicians. Stimulant medications are the primary therapy, but concerns about side effects, addiction, and misuse have led to growing interest in alternative methods, such as behavioral therapy, cognitive training, neurofeedback, and dietary interventions. This review aims to compile data on ADHD treatment and assess whether alternative therapies can replace stimulants. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous studies describe individual therapeutic methods, but a lack of definitive conclusions persists due to uncertainties and isolated evaluations. More comparative research and studies on combined treatments are needed to determine the most effective approaches. Particularly, there is a shortage of studies on integrating pharmacological and alternative therapies, highlighting the need for future research. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with search terms like “ADHD - diagnostic criteria and symptoms”, “Stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD”, “Alternative treatment methods for ADHD”, “Dietary treatment and supplementation in ADHD”. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized. Conclusions: Stimulants remain the most effective ADHD treatment but are associated with side effects such as sleep disturbances, appetite loss, and addiction concerns. In response, alternative therapies are gaining popularity, though evidence of their standalone effectiveness is limited. Further comparative and combination therapy studies are necessary to develop a more comprehensive treatment approach that optimizes symptom reduction while minimizing risks. At present, stimulant medications are a safe first-line treatment with proven efficacy.