The improvement of rural living standards in developing countries and the continuous upgrading of the rural industrial economy have prompted the diversification of rural areas and residential forms. Thus, an integrated rural sewage treatment process has gradually become the mainstream technology for rural sewage treatment. Numerous studies have reported the effects of ecological wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, the relevant process technologies, evaluations, and operating models of the integrated rural sewage treatment process have yet to be thoroughly summarized. This review aims to fill these gaps. First, the applicability of artificial wetland, soil infiltration, stabilization pond, and integrated rural sewage treatment process technology in rural sewage treatment are outlined and compared. Second, the process flow, technical characteristics, and economic indicators of typical integrated sewage treatment processes (i.e., Anoxic/Oxic (A/O) process, Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) process, biological contact oxidation process, Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge (SBR) process) are introduced. The engineering application effects of the integrated rural sewage treatment process in different countries are also described. Third, the practical and effective evaluation methods of the integrated rural sewage treatment process are introduced. Bearing in mind the current operation and maintenance management modes of the integrated rural sewage treatment process in developed and developing countries, combined with the national conditions of developing countries, the prospect section provides development proposals for further optimization and improvement of the integrated rural sewage treatment process in developing countries.

Under irrigation with saline wastewater, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, and Ca²⁺ aggregated in the topsoil, and Mg²⁺ was significantly higher in the deeper soil than in the topsoil and 40 cm soil layers. The abundance of Zoopagomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Rozellomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mucoromycota and Olpidiomycota in the surface soil was influenced by Mg²⁺, whereas Ca²⁺ affected the abundance of Zoopagomycota and Chytridiomycota. In the 40 cm soil layer, Mg²⁺ and Cl⁻ promoted Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Entotheonellaeota, Myxococcota, Gemmatimonadota and Methylomirabilota, whereas they inhibited Planctomycetota, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Patescibacteria and Bacteroidota. In the 80 cm soil layer, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ promoted Rozellomycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycota, but had a negative effect on Glomeromycota, Blastocladiomycota, Olpidiomycota and Monoblepharomycota. The increase in salinity significantly reduced the abundance of the Actinomycetes phylum and the Amoebozoa phylum. Both saprophytic and symbiotic fungi decreased with increasing salinity.

Rural toilet reform in cold areas is the focus and difficulty of China’s toilet revolution. In this paper, by carrying out the septic tank gradient burial depth test and regular seasonal monitoring of the operation effect of rural septic tanks in cold areas, the frost protection effect and treatment effect of rural toilets in cold areas are clarified, which provide important references for the rural toilet revolution and its practical significance in cold areas of China. Based on controlled tests and correlation analysis methods, different gradient burial depths of septic tanks (40, 60, and 80 cm) and different seasonal operation effects (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) were studied to analyze the influence of factors such as burial depths and temperatures on the effectiveness of anti-freezing and treatment of septic tanks. The results found that the septic tank effluent indexes of the six cold-zone test households could not meet requirements of Class Ⅰ-B in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants (GB 18918-2002). (The criteria for Class I-B are as follows: COD emission limit of 60 mg/L; SS emission limit of 20 mg/L; TN emission limit of 20 mg/L; TP emission limit of 1 mg/L; NH₃-N emission limit of 8 mg/L); The average removal of suspended solids (SSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), NH₃-N, and NO₃-N by septic tanks was 79.7%, 21.8%, 10.5%, 13.5%, 9.76%, and 2.38%, respectively; the water temperature was significantly positively correlated with SS, TN, and TP; the double-layer insulated septic tank with medium burial depth (60 cm) could operate normally in cold areas in winter. The treatment effect of septic tanks on various indicators basically shows that summer > autumn > spring > winter. Temperature is the main limiting factor affecting the treatment effect of septic tanks.