Contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a prominent issue in agricultural non-point source pollution in China. With the deposition and activation of numerous Cd metal elements in farmland, the problem of excessive pollution of agricultural produce can no longer be disregarded. Considering the issue of Cd pollution in farmland, this study proposes the utilization of cross-linked modified biochar (prepared from pine wood) and calcium alginate hydrogels to fabricate a composite material which is called MB-CA for short. The aim is to investigate the adsorption and passivation mechanism of soil Cd by this innovative composite. The MB-CA exhibits a higher heavy metal adsorption capacity compared to traditional biochar and hydrogel due to its increased oxygen-containing functional groups and heavy metal adsorption sites. In the Cd solution adsorption experiment, the highest Cd²⁺ removal rate reached 85.48%. In addition, it was found that the material also has an excellent pH improvement effect. Through the adsorption kinetics experiment and the soil culture experiments, it was determined that MB-CA adheres to the quasi-second-order kinetic model and is capable of adsorbing 35.94% of Cd²⁺ in soil. This study validates the efficacy of MB-CA in the adsorption and passivation of Cd in soil, offering a novel approach for managing Cd-contaminated cultivated land.

Agricultural monitoring reveals cadmium (Cd) as the most prevalent heavy metal pollutant in Chinese agricultural soils, with 7.0% of sampled sites exceeding the national soil environmental quality standard (GB 15618-2018), creating substantial risks for crop safety. In situ remediation is a cost-effective method that can modify the speciation and migration properties of Cd in soil. The previous stage of research studies conducted basic characterization of materials and predicted their adsorption capacity in solution environments. This study focuses on the application effects in soil environment. We cross-linked modified biochar and calcium alginate hydrogels to fabricate a composite material (MB-CA) and determined its excellent adsorption performance for cadmium. This study is a continuation of our previous work, focusing on determining the thermodynamic model of adsorption materials, the applicable environment of composite materials, the influence on soil microorganisms, and its effect on the reduction in Cd content in agricultural products. The research found that the adsorption of Cd²⁺ by MB-CA conforms to the Freundlich isotherm model. MB-CA has the ability to regulate pH, achieving outstanding adsorption capacity at pH 4–6. The effect of MB-CA on lettuce is verified through pot experiment and field experiment. The Cd²⁺ content in plants decreased by 63.11% and 76.92%, respectively. Additionally, MB-CA did not negatively impact microbial abundance. This study further discussed the performance and application effect of MB-CA, providing new solutions for soil remediation.

With the intensification of anthropogenic activities, cultivated soils in many regions have become increasingly contaminated with heavy metals (HMs), generating substantial quantities of biomass carrying HM burdens. Conventional disposal pathways, such as direct incineration or returning biomass to farmland, may re-release HMs and create additional environmental risks. This review summarizes the dry and wet pyrolysis treatment of HM-contaminated biomass, with an emphasis on HMs' migration, post-treatment stabilization, and product utilization pathways. To strengthen the field-level perspective of the review, a bibliometric analysis of the 2001–2025 literature was incorporated to identify major hotspots, conceptual structures, and emerging directions. The available evidence indicates that slow pyrolysis offers a promising route to reduce the HM risk while creating carbon-rich products with potential applications in soil amendment, adsorption, catalysis, electrochemical materials, metal recovery, and energy recovery.