Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol are frequently detected in feed materials. The mycotoxins induce free radical formation and, thereby, lipid peroxidation. The effects of mycotoxin exposure at the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON = 3AcDON/15-AScDON: 5 mg/kg; fumonisin B1: 20 mg/kg) and double dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) were investigated during short-term (3 days) per os exposure in the liver of laying hens. On day 1 higher while on day 3 lower MDA concentrations were found in the low-dose group compared to the control. Fatty acid composition also changed: the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.05) and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased by day 3. These alterations resulted in a decrease in the index of unsaturation and average fatty acid chain length. Histopathological alterations suggested that the incidence and severity of liver lesions were higher in the mycotoxin-treated laying hens, and the symptoms correlated with the fatty acid profile of total phospholipids. Overall, the findings revealed that mycotoxin exposure, even at the EU-recommended limits, induced lipid peroxidation in the liver, which led to changes in fatty acid composition, matched with tissue damage.

This study examined the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure and graded dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative stress markers in the liver of broiler chickens. OTA is known to generate oxidative stress, promote lipid peroxidation, and affect the antioxidant system. Se, an essential trace element with antioxidant properties, may help counteract OTA-induced toxicity. In this short-term (5-day) in vivo feeding experiment, 21-day-old broiler chickens were divided into six groups, each with six birds: Control (diet free from Se), 0.3 mg/kg Se, 0.5 mg/kg Se, 2 mg/kg OTA, 2 mg/kg OTA + 0.3 mg/kg Se, 2 mg/kg OTA + 0.5 mg/kg Se. Our findings show that supplementing 0.3 mg/kg (p < 0.01) or 0.5 mg/kg Se (p < 0.001) in OTA-exposed birds significantly reduced the early oxidative stress markers (conjugated dienes and trienes) and significantly increased (0.3 mg/kg p < 0.01; 0.5 mg/kg p < 0.001) glutathione levels, indicating enhanced glutathione-dependent antioxidant protection. The treatments also significantly altered the ratio of monounsaturated and n6/n3 polyunsaturated FAs. OTA with 0.3 mg/kg Se supplementation significantly (p ˂ 0.05) reduced total unsaturation and FA average chain length. At a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, the interaction of Se and OTA altered the PUFA composition, while 0.5 mg/kg Se supplementation enhanced antioxidant defense and reduced lipid peroxidation. These results highlight the dual but separate role of Se, where inadequate doses may enhance OTA toxicity, while optimal supplementation may have a protective effect on hepatic lipid homeostasis. These findings can be used in the future progress of the mitigation strategy against OTA exposure in poultry nutrition.

The present study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meals at 2% and 4% on growth performance, carcass yield, meat quality, blood parameters, and intestinal morphometry in broiler chickens. A total of 1750 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were assigned to five dietary treatments: a Control diet, or diets containing 2% or 4% of HI meal (HI2, HI4) or TM meal (TM2, TM4). Growth performance, feed intake (FI), feed conversation ratio (FCR), and mortality were unaffected by dietary treatments. Breast yield increased significantly in insect-fed groups (29.2–29.9%) compared with Control (27.6%). Birds fed HI4 exhibited lower breast pH (5.77 vs. 5.89) and increased cooking loss (29.2% vs. 27.3%), suggesting reduced WHC within acceptable ranges. Thigh meat showed dose-dependent lipid accumulation in insect-fed birds. Serum total cholesterol increased in TM-fed birds with elevated HDL-cholesterol, while LDL-cholesterol remained unaffected. TM meal specifically induced shorter ileal length compared with Control and HI-fed groups. Overall, both full-fat insect meals can be safely incorporated at low inclusion levels without adverse effects on broiler growth, health, or carcass quality.