Biochar is a carbon-based substance made by the pyrolysis of organic waste. The amount of biochar produced is determined by the type of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. Biochar is frequently added to the soil for various reasons, including carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas mitigation, improved crop production by boosting soil fertility, removing harmful contaminants, and drought mitigation. Biochar may also be used for waste management and wastewater treatment. Biochar’s various advantages make it a potentially appealing instrument material for current science and technology. Although biochar’s impacts on soil chemical qualities and fertility have been extensively researched, little is known about its impact on enhancing soil physical qualities. This review is intended to describe biochar’s influence on some crucial soil physical and hydrological properties, including bulk density of soil, water holding capacity, soil porosity, soil hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention, water repellence–available plant water, water infiltration, soil temperature, soil color, and surface albedo. Therefore, we propose that the application of biochar in soils has considerable advantages, and this is especially true for arable soils with low fertility.

Climate change poses significant threats to global food security and water resources. In a present study, a Global Climate Model HAD GEM2-ES under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 was used for climate prediction study. The study spanned 46 years of baseline (1970-2015) as well as two future periods’ mid-century (MC) (2020-2050) and end century EC (2060-2090). The results showed that the temperature would increase by 1.56°C and rainfall would decrease by 98 mm in MC (2020-2050); and 3.11°C and 90 mm in EC (2060-2090), respectively under RCP 4.5. In RCP 8.5 the increase in temperature and rainfall was 2.75°C and 153 mm, respectively in MC and the corresponding values in EC was 5.46°C and 251 mm, respectively.

Aim of the study: This study aims to quantify uncertainty in climate change impact assessment on crop production by using all available climate models (GCMs) under both harsh and mild emission scenarios from 2020 to 2095, which has not yet been done in the study region. Material and methods: In this regard, a comparative study was carried out for Ludhiana district, Punjab, India, in which Global Climate Model (GCM) outputs for daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) and rainfall under A1B scenario concerning Mid Century (MC) (2020-2050) and End Century (EC) (2070-2095) was extracted from ECHam5-GCM and PRECIS model. DSSAT v.4.6.1 model and Papadakis method were used to study the climate change behavior under these two-time slices. In addition, climate data from RCP scenarios for the future were extracted from five randomly selected GCMs under scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using the marksim DSSAT weather generator. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the annual minimum temperature would increase by 2.4 °C and 2.45 °C during EC using ECHAM5 and PRECIS models. In contrast, under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, the mean annual temperature would increase by 1.56°C in MC and 3.11°C in EC compared to that of the baseline period and 2.75°C in MC and 5.46°C in EC compared to that of the baseline period, respectively. The corresponding likely decrease in annual RF under RCP 4.5 is 98 mm and 90 mm during MC and EC, respectively. The corresponding increase in annual RF under RCP 8.5 is 153 mm and 251 mm, respectively.

HIGHLIGHTS. Subsurface drainage system improves the soil conditions.The subsurface drainage system leads to excess nitrate loss to water bodies.Simulation model