Introduction: The spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) has become a significant concern in Algeria, with limited data available on their presence in community settings. This research investigated the resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CREs) collected from hospitals and the community in Skikda city, Algeria, between December 2020 and June 2022. Methodology: The study collected Enterobacterales strains resistant to ertapenem from inpatient and outpatient populations. An automated system was used for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. β-lactamase production was evaluated through phenotypic tests and confirmed by standard PCR. Lastly, the carbapenemase genes were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results: 17 CRE were isolated, with 9 from inpatients and 8 from outpatients. These isolates belonged to four species: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Escherichia coli (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 1), and Proteus mirabilis (n = 1). Of 15 CPEs, 11 were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) positive, 5 were plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase (AmpC) positive, and 1 harbored all three β-lactamases. All metallo-β-lactamase-producing strains carried the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene (blaNDM), including 5 NDM-1 and 7 NDM-5 variants. The presence of blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-244 was observed in one outpatient strain each. NDM was associated with Cefotaximase Munich (CTX-M) ESBL in 8 isolates, while Cephamycinase (CMY) was detected in 3 NDM-5-producing E. coli. Conclusions: This research highlights the rising prevalence of carbapenemases NDM-1 and NDM-5 among inpatients and outpatients and supports the notion that OXA-48 is becoming increasingly widespread beyond Algerian hospitals.

The present study aimed to monitor the practices of European veterinarians for the diagnosis and treatment of retained fetal membranes in cattle. A questionnaire was established and distributed to veterinarians from five European countries. A total of 700 veterinarians participated in the survey. A vaginal examination, general examination and uterine palpation are carried out by 71%, 38% and 23% of veterinarians, respectively. Moreover, half of the veterinarians attempt to remove the placenta manually, 70% of them administer a combined local and general treatment if the cow has a fever (more than 39.5 °C), and 50% of them only administer IU treatment if no fever is observed. Tetracyclins, cefapirin and penicillins are the most used intrauterine (IU) antibiotics, whereas penicillin is the most used parenteral one. All other European veterinarians were less likely to use cefapirin and more likely to use oxytocin, Ca perfusion and NSAID than French and Walloon veterinarians. In conclusion, our study confirms the necessity of improving and rationalizing the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of the RFM, mainly to reduce the important problem of antibiotic resistance.

Escherichia coli is a leading cause of both community‐acquired and nosocomial infections. In particular, E. coli is responsible for 90% of all uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and 65% of complicated UTIs. Among complicated UTIs, those caused by third‐generation cephalosporin (3GC)–resistant E. coli strains, expressing extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBLs), are on the rise. These strains show often a multidrug‐resistant (MDR) phenotype, limiting the therapeutic options and the increasing incidence of MDR E. coli in Algeria is concerning. This study aims to compare the antibiotic resistance rates and profiles as well as the virulence traits between 3CG‐resistant E. coli isolates, collected from Algerian inpatients (IPs) and outpatients (OPs). Our analyses include phenotypic and genotypic resistance factor detection, strains classification by genotyping and phylogrouping, as well as genotypic and phenotypic virulence factor evaluation. Among 42 E. coli isolates, 76.20% caused UTIs. ESBL producers ( n = 35) carried all the b l a _CTX−M , while b l a _TEM was found in 69.04% of isolates. All isolates were MDR, and no significant differences in type and rate of antibiotic resistance were observed between IP‐ and OP‐isolates. OP‐isolates demonstrated greater virulence, exhibiting higher motility and biofilm production, compared to IP‐isolates. Moreover, pathogenic Phylogroup B2 was prevalent among OP‐isolates, while IP‐isolates belonged predominantly to Phylogroup A. Our data suggest a uniform spreading of antibiotic‐resistant genes within hospitals and communities. However, hospital environment selects for less virulent strains with increasing level of resistance; differently, communities host more virulent strains. This study highlights the urgent need to implement the surveillance of 3CG‐resistant E. coli and to adopt the One Health approach to monitor the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the country.