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Lin Lin
Department of Urban Planning and Design, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China

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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Rapid urban expansion has radically transformed the city centers and the new districts of Chinese cities. Both areas have undergone unique redevelopment and development over the past decades, generating unique urban forms worthy of study. To date, few studies have investigated development patterns and land use intensities at the neighborhood level. The present study aims to fill the gap and compare the densities of different types of developments and the spatial compositions of different commercial uses at the neighborhood level. We captured the attributes of their built environment that support instrumental activities of daily living of 710 neighborhoods centered on the public elementary schools of the entire Shanghai municipality using application programming interfaces provided in Baidu Map services. The 200 m neighborhood provided the best fit to capture the variations of the built environment. Overall, city center neighborhoods had significantly higher residential densities and housed more daily routine destinations than their counterparts in the new districts. Unexpectedly, however, the total length of streets was considerably smaller in city-center neighborhoods, likely reflecting the prominence of the wide multilane vehicular roads surrounding large center city redevelopment projects. The findings point to convergence between the city center’s urban forms and that of the new districts.

ACS Style

Lin Lin; Xueming Chen; Anne Moudon. Measuring the Urban Forms of Shanghai’s City Center and Its New Districts: A Neighborhood-Level Comparative Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8481 .

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Xueming Chen, Anne Moudon. Measuring the Urban Forms of Shanghai’s City Center and Its New Districts: A Neighborhood-Level Comparative Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Xueming Chen; Anne Moudon. 2021. "Measuring the Urban Forms of Shanghai’s City Center and Its New Districts: A Neighborhood-Level Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8481.

Book chapter
Published: 25 October 2019 in Transportation and Children's Well-Being
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Chinese lifestyle has been drastically transformed thanks to the unprecedented economic growth since 1978 when the economic reform started. With rapid motorization and urbanization, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in China has also increased since the 1980s. At the same time, physical activity level and active travel of Chinese children has been decreasing. As the largest developing country in the world with high prevalence of physical inactivity among children and youth, it is especially urgent to explore and understand not only individual factors, but also social and physical environmental factors associated with child and youth physical activity in China, so that effective interventions could be developed. Within this context, this chapter explores the factors associated with active commuting of school-age children in Shanghai, the largest metropolitan in China, using data from 649 adults with their children attending 32 public elementary schools. The results indicated that parents’/caregivers’ physical activity level and duration preference of their children’s physical activity per day, family support and encouragement, and school type were associated with active travel to and from school. Similarities and differences between our findings and those reported based on research in other developed countries are highlighted.

ACS Style

Lin Lin; Lingling He. Active commuting to school by Chinese school-age children. Transportation and Children's Well-Being 2019, 339 -357.

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Lingling He. Active commuting to school by Chinese school-age children. Transportation and Children's Well-Being. 2019; ():339-357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Lingling He. 2019. "Active commuting to school by Chinese school-age children." Transportation and Children's Well-Being , no. : 339-357.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Transport & Health
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The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents has a significant increase. This study aims to investigate the associations between objective urban neighborhood built environment, leisure-time physical activity, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children between 6 and 13 years old. This study conducted surveys at thirty-two public elementary schools, evenly chosen from four strata of residential building density and located in 16 urban districts of Shanghai, China. A total of 719 completed surveys were collected between May 2015 and April 2016. There were 447 records geocoded to their home address. Objective neighborhood built environmental attributes were measured in 200-m and 400-m buffers of respondent's home using application programming interfaces provided by a Chinese web mapping services company. We found that active school commuters were more physically active than passive commuters. Distance from home to school and counts of restaurants in 400-meter buffer of a respondent's home were positively associated with school-age children's duration of leisure-time physical activity in a week. School-age children's BMI was negatively associated with their duration of leisure-time physical activity. This is one of first studies that quantified the association between objectively measured neighborhood built environmental attributes and children's leisure-time physical activity in China.

ACS Style

Lin Lin. Leisure-time physical activity, objective urban neighborhood built environment, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children. Journal of Transport & Health 2018, 10, 322 -333.

AMA Style

Lin Lin. Leisure-time physical activity, objective urban neighborhood built environment, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children. Journal of Transport & Health. 2018; 10 ():322-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin. 2018. "Leisure-time physical activity, objective urban neighborhood built environment, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children." Journal of Transport & Health 10, no. : 322-333.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2016 in Urban Planning International
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ACS Style

Lingling He; Xiaoliu Wang; Lin Lin. Factors Associated with Physical Activity of School Age Children in Chinese Cities: A Systemic Review Based on a Social Ecological Model. Urban Planning International 2016, 10 -15.

AMA Style

Lingling He, Xiaoliu Wang, Lin Lin. Factors Associated with Physical Activity of School Age Children in Chinese Cities: A Systemic Review Based on a Social Ecological Model. Urban Planning International. 2016; ():10-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lingling He; Xiaoliu Wang; Lin Lin. 2016. "Factors Associated with Physical Activity of School Age Children in Chinese Cities: A Systemic Review Based on a Social Ecological Model." Urban Planning International , no. : 10-15.

Original articles
Published: 02 April 2016 in Journal of Urban Technology
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This paper examines the different approaches to integrating air and rail technologies and their services at the Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub (“the Hongqiao Hub”) in China. Even though the Hongqiao Hub has the advantage of having both an airport and a railway station located at the same place, its level of air-rail integration remains at a low or moderate level. By analyzing existing air and rail services and potential travel demands, this paper recommends further streamlining the relationships among the Shanghai Airport Authority, the Shanghai Railway Bureau, and airline companies by fostering air-rail integration through the improvement of joint ticketing and code-sharing, direct luggage transfer, the provision of the fast and convenient connection from the Hongqiao International Airport to the Pudong International Airport, and air-rail linkage service area expansion.

ACS Style

Xueming Chen; Lin Lin. The Integration of Air and Rail Technologies: Shanghai's Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub. Journal of Urban Technology 2016, 23, 23 -46.

AMA Style

Xueming Chen, Lin Lin. The Integration of Air and Rail Technologies: Shanghai's Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub. Journal of Urban Technology. 2016; 23 (2):23-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xueming Chen; Lin Lin. 2016. "The Integration of Air and Rail Technologies: Shanghai's Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub." Journal of Urban Technology 23, no. 2: 23-46.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies
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ACS Style

Lin Lin; Hongwei Jiang. Healthy Environment and Healthy Living in Urban China: An Emerging Field in Research. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies 2016, 5, 69 -78.

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Hongwei Jiang. Healthy Environment and Healthy Living in Urban China: An Emerging Field in Research. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies. 2016; 5 (1):69-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Hongwei Jiang. 2016. "Healthy Environment and Healthy Living in Urban China: An Emerging Field in Research." Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies 5, no. 1: 69-78.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2015 in Habitat International
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This paper uses the Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transportation Hub (“the Hongqiao Hub”) as an empirical case to conduct a preliminary node (transportation functional value) and place (urban functional value) analysis. The Hongqiao Hub is the strategic node not only for the Hongqiao Business District (“the Hongqiao Hubtropolis”), but also for the western Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, and the rest of Yangtze River Delta Region and beyond. This newly emerging “hubtropolis” is a brand new urban form integrating air, rail and other transportation modes as well as urban functions, which is more complicated than single-mode “aerotropolis” urban form in terms of both node functions and place functions. The existing Hongqiao Hub remains as the unbalanced node case, but will become more balanced after the complete construction of the Hongqiao Business District. This study also finds that, even though Bertolini's node-place model provides an important tool, its operationalisation remains a huge challenge.

ACS Style

Xueming Chen; Lin Lin. The node-place analysis on the “hubtropolis” urban form: The case of Shanghai Hongqiao air-rail hub. Habitat International 2015, 49, 445 -453.

AMA Style

Xueming Chen, Lin Lin. The node-place analysis on the “hubtropolis” urban form: The case of Shanghai Hongqiao air-rail hub. Habitat International. 2015; 49 ():445-453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xueming Chen; Lin Lin. 2015. "The node-place analysis on the “hubtropolis” urban form: The case of Shanghai Hongqiao air-rail hub." Habitat International 49, no. : 445-453.

Comparative study
Published: 16 October 2014 in Preventive Medicine
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We examined the connections (1) between the design of the built environment and walking, (2) between the design of the built environment and obesity, and (3) between walking and obesity and income in urban settings in China. Six neighborhoods with different built environment characteristics, located in the Chinese cities of Shanghai and Hangzhou, were studied. Data on walking and other physical activity and obesity levels from 1070 residents were collected through a street intercept survey conducted in 2013. Built environment features of 527 street segments were documented using the Irvine–Minnesota Inventory-China (IMI-C) environmental audit. Data were analyzed using the State of Place™ Index. Walking rates, household income and Body Mass Index (BMI) were related; neighborhoods with a higher State of Place™ Index were associated with higher rates of walking. This study began to establish an evidence base for the association of built environment features with walking in the context of Chinese urban design. Findings confirmed that the associations between “walkable” built environment features and walking established in existing research in other countries, also held true in the case of Chinese neighborhoods.

ACS Style

Mariela Alfonzo; Zhan Guo; Lin Lin; Kristen Day. Walking, obesity and urban design in Chinese neighborhoods. Preventive Medicine 2014, 69, S79 -S85.

AMA Style

Mariela Alfonzo, Zhan Guo, Lin Lin, Kristen Day. Walking, obesity and urban design in Chinese neighborhoods. Preventive Medicine. 2014; 69 ():S79-S85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mariela Alfonzo; Zhan Guo; Lin Lin; Kristen Day. 2014. "Walking, obesity and urban design in Chinese neighborhoods." Preventive Medicine 69, no. : S79-S85.

Correspondence
Published: 02 May 2012 in Environmental Pollution
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ACS Style

Lin Lin; Min Liu; Feixiong Luo; Kai Wang; Qiuzhuo Zhang; Wei-Ning Xiang. Comment on "The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design" by Kennedy et al. (2011). Environmental Pollution 2012, 167, 184 -185.

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Min Liu, Feixiong Luo, Kai Wang, Qiuzhuo Zhang, Wei-Ning Xiang. Comment on "The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design" by Kennedy et al. (2011). Environmental Pollution. 2012; 167 ():184-185.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Min Liu; Feixiong Luo; Kai Wang; Qiuzhuo Zhang; Wei-Ning Xiang. 2012. "Comment on "The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design" by Kennedy et al. (2011)." Environmental Pollution 167, no. : 184-185.

Correspondence
Published: 02 May 2012 in Environmental Pollution
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ACS Style

Lin Lin; Min Liu; Feixiong Luo; Kai Wang; Qiuzhuo Zhang; Wei-Ning Xiang. Response to authors’ reply regarding “The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design” by Kennedy et al. (2011). Environmental Pollution 2012, 167, 187 .

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Min Liu, Feixiong Luo, Kai Wang, Qiuzhuo Zhang, Wei-Ning Xiang. Response to authors’ reply regarding “The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design” by Kennedy et al. (2011). Environmental Pollution. 2012; 167 ():187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Min Liu; Feixiong Luo; Kai Wang; Qiuzhuo Zhang; Wei-Ning Xiang. 2012. "Response to authors’ reply regarding “The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design” by Kennedy et al. (2011)." Environmental Pollution 167, no. : 187.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2010 in Accident Analysis & Prevention
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This study examined the correlates of injury severity using police records of pedestrian–motor-vehicle collisions on state routes and city streets in King County, Washington. Levels of influence on collision outcome considered (1) the characteristics of individual pedestrians and drivers and their actions; (2) the road environment; and (3) the neighborhood environment. Binary logistic regressions served to estimate the risk of a pedestrian being severely injured or dying versus suffering minor or no injury. Significant individual-level influences on injury severity were confirmed for both types of roads: pedestrians being older or younger; the vehicle moving straight on the roadway. New variables associated with increased risk of severe injury or death included: having more than two pedestrians involved in a collision; and on city streets, the driver being inebriated. Road intersection design was significant only in the state route models, with pedestrians crossing at intersections without signals increasing the risk of being injured or dying. Adjusting for pedestrians’ and drivers’ characteristics and actions, neighborhood medium home values and higher residential densities increased the risk of injury or death. No other road or neighborhood environment variable remained significant, suggesting that pedestrians were not safer in areas with high pedestrian activity.

ACS Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Lin Lin; Junfeng Jiao; Philip Hurvitz; Paula Reeves. The risk of pedestrian injury and fatality in collisions with motor vehicles, a social ecological study of state routes and city streets in King County, Washington. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2010, 43, 11 -24.

AMA Style

Anne Vernez Moudon, Lin Lin, Junfeng Jiao, Philip Hurvitz, Paula Reeves. The risk of pedestrian injury and fatality in collisions with motor vehicles, a social ecological study of state routes and city streets in King County, Washington. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010; 43 (1):11-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Lin Lin; Junfeng Jiao; Philip Hurvitz; Paula Reeves. 2010. "The risk of pedestrian injury and fatality in collisions with motor vehicles, a social ecological study of state routes and city streets in King County, Washington." Accident Analysis & Prevention 43, no. 1: 11-24.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2009 in Health & Place
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This study compared the strength of association of objective and subjective measures of environment with walking sufficiently for health. It used an existing model, which employed only objective environmental measures and adjusted for socio-demographic covariates, to estimate the influence of the built environment on walking. The original model was re-run with new, subjectively measured variables. The results showed that objective measures of the built environment had stronger associations with walking than subjective measures. Future studies of the environmental influences on physical activity should include objective measures of the built environment.

ACS Style

Lin Lin; Anne Vernez Moudon. Objective versus subjective measures of the built environment, which are most effective in capturing associations with walking? Health & Place 2009, 16, 339 -348.

AMA Style

Lin Lin, Anne Vernez Moudon. Objective versus subjective measures of the built environment, which are most effective in capturing associations with walking? Health & Place. 2009; 16 (2):339-348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Lin; Anne Vernez Moudon. 2009. "Objective versus subjective measures of the built environment, which are most effective in capturing associations with walking?" Health & Place 16, no. 2: 339-348.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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This individual-level case control study analyzed the risk of occurrence of a pedestrian–motor vehicle collision at a given location on a state route in King County, Washington. With the full sample of collisions (1999-2004), binomial logit models estimated the odds of collision occurrence as related to the road and the neighborhood environments and adjusting for exposure. Separate models were run for SR-99, the principal transregional arterial with four-plus lanes (n = 826), and for all the other state routes (n = 1,602). The strongest significant correlates of the risk of collision occurrence were the presence of crosswalks with or without traffic signals, the facility's number of lanes, and the presence of nearby retail uses. Also positively significant were the number of traffic signals and the street-block size near the location and being located outside the city of Seattle. Exposure variables including road-level measures such as average daily traffic and posted speed and neighborhood-level measures such as the number of residential units and bus ridership were significant in at least one of the models. Employment density appeared to be an unreliable measure of exposure. Other pedestrian activity generators such as educational facilities were not significantly associated with the risk of collision occurrence. The strong significance of crosswalks, whether signalized or not, indicated that engineering approaches to safety should likely be complemented by education- and enforcement-based measures. Similarly, facilities in areas with concentrations of retail should become the targets of future safety programs.

ACS Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Lin Lin; Philip Hurvitz; Paula Reeves. Risk of Pedestrian Collision Occurrence. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2008, 2073, 25 -38.

AMA Style

Anne Vernez Moudon, Lin Lin, Philip Hurvitz, Paula Reeves. Risk of Pedestrian Collision Occurrence. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2008; 2073 (1):25-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Lin Lin; Philip Hurvitz; Paula Reeves. 2008. "Risk of Pedestrian Collision Occurrence." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2073, no. 1: 25-38.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2006 in Journal of Physical Activity and Health
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Background:The concept of walkable neighborhoods is increasingly important in physical activity research and intervention. However, limited theoretical understanding and measurable definitions remain a challenge.Methods:This paper reviews theories defining neighborhoods and offers an empirical approach to identify measurable attributes and thresholds of walkable neighborhoods. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used for self-reported socio-demographic background, neighborhood walking behavior and perception, and objective measures of environments.Results:Environmental attributes positively associated with walking sufficiently to meet health recommendations included higher residential density and smaller street-blocks around home, and shorter distances to food and daily retail facilities from home. Threshold distances for eating/drinking establishments and grocery stores were 860 and 1445 feet.Conclusions:Results questioned theoretical constructs of neighborhoods centered on recreation and educational uses. They pointed to finer mixes of uses than those characterizing suburban neighborhoods, and small spatial units of analysis and intervention to capture and promote neighborhood walkability.

ACS Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Chanam Lee; Allen D. Cheadle; Cheza Garvin; Donna B Johnson; Thomas L. Schmid; Robert D. Weathers; Lin Lin. Operational Definitions of Walkable Neighborhood: Theoretical and Empirical Insights. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2006, 3, S99 -S117.

AMA Style

Anne Vernez Moudon, Chanam Lee, Allen D. Cheadle, Cheza Garvin, Donna B Johnson, Thomas L. Schmid, Robert D. Weathers, Lin Lin. Operational Definitions of Walkable Neighborhood: Theoretical and Empirical Insights. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2006; 3 (s1):S99-S117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Vernez Moudon; Chanam Lee; Allen D. Cheadle; Cheza Garvin; Donna B Johnson; Thomas L. Schmid; Robert D. Weathers; Lin Lin. 2006. "Operational Definitions of Walkable Neighborhood: Theoretical and Empirical Insights." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3, no. s1: S99-S117.