Despite its high number of endemic deciduous broad-leaved species in China’s warm-temperate zone, far less attention has been paid to phylogeographic studies in this region. In this work, the phylogeographic history of Forsythia suspensa endemic to China’s warm-temperate zone was investigated to explore the effect of climate change during the Pleistocene on the distribution of this deciduous broad-leaved species in China.

Anthocyanins are considered a stress indicator due to their involvement in the response to many stresses including high light (HL) and low temperature (LT). With the development of transcriptomics, it is necessary to find the different and common points in the mechanisms of LT-induced and HL-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the present study, we determined the transcriptomes of Begonia semperflorens leaves under three different conditions (normal growing conditions (CK), HL, and LT). To validate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we selected four core genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis to perform real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and then determined anthocyanin content. In total, 94,880 unigenes with a mean length of 635 bp were assembled. The N50 values of the transcripts and unigenes were 2286 bp and 1064 bp, respectively. The functional annotations of the unigenes were analysed against five protein databases. DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, transportation, and regulation were identified. We also analysed the enrichment pathway, and the differences in mechanisms of anthocyanin induced under low-temperature and high-light conditions are discussed in this paper. This study is the first to examine broad-scale gene expression in Begonia semperflorens. By identifying DEGs regulated by both LT and HL conditions, we found that anthocyanin accumulation was employed as a common strategy by Begonia seedlings in resisting LT and HL stress. By identifying DEGs regulated differently by LT and HL conditions, we found that Begonia seedlings also had some different strategies for resisting LT and HL stresses: anthocyanins were biosynthesized under HL condition, while lignin, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins were biosynthesized under LT condition.