The genus Ferulago W.Koch is represented with 49 species in the world and 34 species in Turkey. In this study, comparative fruit anatomical properties based on mericarp shape in transverse section of 27 Ferulago species grown in Turkey are given. A description of Ferulago cypria H.Wolff, which was mentioned as a new record in an unpublished postdoctoral thesis, is also given. As a result of this study, we are able to identify and classify the species of this genus by using anatomical features of the fruit. In addition, an identification key has been prepared to represent the similarities and differences between the species. The number of vittae distributed in the mesocarp demonstrates large differences between closely related species such as F. pauciradiata Boiss. & Heldr. (5-10 vittae) and F. isaurica Peşmen (97-102 vittae). Anatomical studies also confirm morphological classification, e.g., in sections Aucheria and Anisotaenia. According to this study, F. glareosa should be placed in a section other than Anisotaenia.

Ferula pisidica is a novel endemic species found in the vicinity of Karaman province of inner Mediterranean Region of Turkey. F. pisidica is morphologically distinct from F. haussknechtii and F. brevipedicellata by habit, sheaths, terminal leaf lobes, and mericarp size as well as by chemotaxonomic differences. The new species is described by morphological, carpological, ecological and phytochemical characteristics. Its relationships with the other related species and proposed conservation status will be reviewed.

Salvia species play a significant role in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries due to their rich chemical profiles and notable biological activities. This study aimed, for the first time, to comprehensively investigate the phytochemical profile and antibacterial properties of eight selected Salvia species. Ethanol and water extracts were prepared from the dried aerial parts, and their chemical compositions were analyzed via LC-HRMS. Rosmarinic acid was the major compound in almost all the prepared extracts. Following rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, salvianolic acid B, and hispidulin-7-O-glucoside were also identified as principal constituents. The antibacterial potential of the relevant metabolites was evaluated in silico, and their receptor binding profiles targeting dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase were elucidated. Additionally, the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of all the extracts was determined against various bacterial strains using a modified microbroth dilution method. Among all tested extracts, both the infusion and decoction of Salvia albimaculata exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Additionally, the ethanol extracts of S. albimaculata, S. viridis, S. verticillata, and S. pilifera demonstrated moderate activity against MRSA. These findings contribute valuable insights into the development of natural-based antibacterial agents for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Medicinal plants are a special area that needs to be evaluated with different parameters than the general biodiversity threatening due to intense collection pressure. In the study, Turkey's plant diversity, requirements and strategies for sustainable use of Turkish medicinal plants, criticizing and planning of data for the protection of medicinal plants have been evaluated using standards of the Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants by WHO, IUCN, WWF and Traffic. In addition, the richness of traditional medicinal plant uses in Turkey, the concept, and usage potentials, administrative requirements for the protection, creation of the in situ and ex situ conservation areas and recommendations for the future have been presented.

The methanol extract of Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange afforded 4 known compounds, namely isomartynoside (1), 10-hydroxymajoroside (2), \beta -sitosterol (3), and ursolic acid (4). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. After determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract, the antioxidant potentials of the crude extract and isolated compounds 1-4 were determined by \beta -carotene bleaching, DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. The methanol extract, rich in phenolic contents, indicated the same DPPH free radical scavenging activity (72\% inhibition) as a standard compound, butylated hydroxytoluene, at 100 \mu g/mL. Isomartynoside (1), a phenylpropanoid glycoside, showed the best inhibition of lipid peroxidation, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity among the tested samples. The anticholinesterase effects of the methanol extract and isolated compounds 1-4 were established using the Ellman method. A triterpenic acid, ursolic acid (4), exhibited moderate acetyl- (54.01 \pm 0.82%) and butyryl-cholinesterase (68.74 \pm 0.36%) inhibitory activity at 200 \mu g/mL. Isomartynoside (1) was isolated here for the first time from a Plantago species; the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of P. major subsp. intermedia and compounds 1-2 were not previously determined.