Endophytic fungi (EFs) have emerged as promising modulators of plant growth and stress tolerance in agricultural ecosystems. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the role of EFs in enhancing the adaptation of crops to abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, pose significant challenges to crop productivity worldwide. EFs have shown remarkable potential in alleviating the adverse effects of these stresses. Through various mechanisms, including the synthesis of osmolytes, the production of stress-related enzymes, and the induction of plant defense mechanisms, EFs enhance plant resilience to abiotic stressors. Moreover, EFs promote nutrient uptake and modulate the hormonal balance in plants, further enhancing the stress tolerance of the plants. Recent advancements in molecular techniques have facilitated the identification and characterization of stress-tolerant EF strains, paving the way for their utilization in agricultural practices. Furthermore, the symbiotic relationship between EFs and plants offers ecological benefits, such as improved soil health and a reduced dependence on chemical inputs. However, challenges remain in understanding the complex interactions between EFs and host plants, as well as in scaling up their application in diverse agricultural systems. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying endophytic-fungal-mediated stress tolerance and developing sustainable strategies for harnessing their potential in crop production.

Endophytic fungi (EF) have emerged as promising modulators of plant growth and stress tolerance in agricultural ecosystems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of EF in en-hancing crop adaptation to abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, pose significant challenges to crop productivity worldwide. EF have shown re-markable potential in alleviating the adverse effects of these stresses. Through various mechanisms including synthesis of osmolytes, production of stress-related enzymes, and induction of plant de-fense mechanisms, EF enhance plant resilience to abiotic stressors. Moreover, EF promote nutrient uptake and modulate hormonal balance in plants, further enhancing stress tolerance. Recent ad-vancements in molecular techniques have facilitated the identification and characterization of stress-tolerant endophytic fungal strains, paving the way for their utilization in agricultural prac-tices. Furthermore, the symbiotic relationship between EF and plants offers ecological benefits, such as improved soil health and reduced dependence on chemical inputs. However, challenges remain in understanding the complex interactions between EF and host plants, as well as in scaling up their application in diverse agricultural systems. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying endophytic fungal-mediated stress tolerance and developing sustainable strategies for harnessing their potential in crop production.

Fungal organohalogenated secondary metabolites play essential roles in ecological interactions, chemical defense, and pharmaceutical applications. This overview synthesizes current insights into the genomic organization, biosynthetic machinery, computational prediction tools (antiSMASH, SSNs), epigenetic control mechanisms, and green biocatalytic applications of fungal chlorinated metabolites. Fungi utilize specialized enzymes, primarily free-standing flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) that employ a 10 Å internal tunnel to channel hypochlorite to a catalytic lysine, generating electrophilic chloramines. Other systems include heme-dependent and vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases, as well as copper radical halogenases (DUF3328). These enzymes are encoded within Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs) regulated by Zn₂Cys₆ transcription factors, the Velvet complex, and chromatin remodeling. Engineered FDHs and biocatalysts, such as RadH and MalA variants, facilitate late-stage, regioselective C–H functionalization on non-native drug scaffolds. Additionally, griseofulvin shows expanded pharmacological value, selectively inhibiting tumor centrosome clustering via KIFC1/HSET kinesin blockade. Harnessing fungal halogenation machinery advances green biocatalysis and unlocks novel pathways for drug discovery.

Los líquenes son asociaciones complejas constituidas principalmente por un micobionte y un fotobionte, diversos estudios han demostrado la presencia de bacterias asociadas a esta simbiosis, sin embargo, en Guanajuato la investigación a este nivel es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar e identificar bacterias asociadas a líquenes del estado de Guanajuato. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio de 21 líquenes en el área recreativa “Las palomas”, las muestras fueron identificadas morfológica y químicamente, las bacterias fueron aisladas e identificadas en diferentes medios de cultivo sólidos. Los aislamientos obtenidos se identificaron mediante tinción Gram y secuenciación del gen 16S ADNr. Se registraron un total de 11 líquenes foliosos, 5 fruticosos y 5 costrosos, de los cuales destacan los géneros Punctelia, Parmelia y Dendrographa. De las 23 cepas bacterianas aisladas el filo Proteobacteria fue el más abundante (52.2%), seguido del de Firmicutes (39.1%) y Actinobacteria (8.7%), provenientes principalmente de líquenes foliosos y fruticosos. Se identificaron géneros como Mesorhizobium sp., Paenibacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp. y Stutzerimonas sp. La descripción de bacterias asociadas a líquenes contribuye al conocimiento de la diversidad microbiana, determinar las probables funciones que desempeñan dentro de los líquenes queda por ser establecido.