Wormian (sutural) bones are accessory small bones located on the skull. These bones consist of extra ossification centers around cranial sutures. This study was carried out in 28 dry human skulls with unknown age and sex in the Department of Anatomy, Cukurova University. The aim of the study was to investigate incidence and to determine morphologic and morphometric characteristics of wormian (sutural) bones. Total incidence of wormian bone presence was 42.86 % (n=12) and most of them were located on lambdoid suture (57.14 %). Wormian bones were seen at lambdoid suture at a rate of 62.5 %, occipito-mastoid suture 9.37 %, asterion 18.76 %, lambda 9.37 %, and were not seen on pterion, bregma, parietotemporal, sagittal and coronal sutures. Wormian bones were seen on left side at a rate of 65.62 % and 34.38 % on right side of skull. According to our study, wormian bone shapes were seen as quadrangular (56.26 %), triangular (15.62 %) and irregular (28.12 %). The mean values of wormian bones were as follows; vertical diameter: 12.29±4.48 mm and horizontal diameter: 10.93±4.39 mm. For cephalic index, the result of our study shows that most of our skulls with or without wormian bones belong to dolichocephalic group. Knowledge of variations and characteristics of skull is important for forensic medicine, anatomy, radiology and neurosurgery fields and for literature data or clinical practices.

Background: This study aims to determine the normal values of orbital structures according to sex in healthy adults. Methods: Diameters of extraocular muscles, the width of the optic nerve sheath diameter, the length of the inter-zygomatic line, ocular bulb length, and globe position were measured in the T1-weighed MR (magnetic resonance) images in 204 orbits of 102 individuals. Results: The mean values of the diameters of the extraocular muscles in males and females were as follows: medial rectus, 3.96 ± 0.52 and 3.58 ± 0.53 mm; lateral rectus, 3.47 ± 0.61 and 3.15 ± 0.48 mm; inferior rectus, 4.47 ± 0.53 and 4.07 ± 0.48 mm; superior rectus, 4.44 ± 0.64 and 4.01 ± 0.56 mm; and superior oblique, 3.68 ± 0.49 and 3.45 ± 0.44 mm. The length of the interzygomatic line in males and females were 102.68 ± 3.89 and 96.95 ± 3.4 mm, the ocular bulb length was 23.33 ± 1.32 and 22.83 ± 1.1 mm, the globe position was 7.66 ± 1.33 and 7.3 ± 1.39 mm, and the width of the optic nerve sheath diameter was 4.65 ± 0.62 and 4.28 ± 0.51 mm, respectively. All measurements were significantly greater for males than for females (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We believe that a practical and quantitative method will be provided by this study for the diagnosis and determination of the normative values of orbital structures.

Background: In this study, the purpose was to obtain normal anthropometric data of the nose, and to determine the changes in age and gender. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the nose anthropometric measurements were made with a caliper in 874 healthy individuals who were between the ages of 5 and 64, and the nose types were de-termined for adults. The individuals were divided into 8 groups as 5-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-40, and 41-64-year-old. The nasal length, nasal height, morphological nasal width, anatomical nasal width, nasal root width, nasal depth, lengths, nostril widths, face width, and face heights of the individu-als were measured; and the external nasal surface area, nasal volume, nasal index, nasofacial index, and nose-face width index were calculated. According to Martin and Sallar, the types of noses were classified in adults. The SPSS 20.0 Program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The most common type of nose was determined to be Mesorrhine. Statistically significant differ-ences were detected between the genders in all measurements except nasal depth. Statistically signifi-cant differences were detected in all groups in terms of all length and height measurements, morphologi-cal and anatomical nasal width values, external nasal surface areas, and nasal volume and indices. Conclusions: It is expected that detailed data about age-sex-related nose morphometry in our study will contribute to the creation of a database of our population. It is thought that these detailed data will be helpful in the determination of age and gender in forensic medicine, the reconstruction studies in anthro-pology, and the treatment plan and post-surgery evaluation to surgeons.

Aim: It was aimed to analyze the detailed morphometry of the pharyngeal recess (PR) using three-dimensional (3D) models reconstructed from multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images. Material and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis and performed on MDCT images of 97 patients (43 males, 54 females). 3D models of the PR were reconstructed using 3D Slicer software, enabling morphometric measurements according to established protocols. Measurements included PR depths, distances between the posterior nasal spine and torus levatorius (PNS-TL), distances between right and left TL (RTL-LTL) distances between the PNS and posterior wall of the nasopharynx (PNS-PWN), the angle (α) between the centerline of the PR and the sagittal plane. The morphologies of the PR classified into three types. Results: The average measurements for the parameters were as follows: PR depth - 10.42 mm, distance between PNS and TL - 10.40 mm, distance between RTL and LTL - 19.13 mm, distance between PNS and PWN - 19.92 mm, and the angle (α) - 53.65°. The prevalence of PR types was 20.62%, 47.42% and 31.96% for type 1, type 2 and type 3, respectively. Conclusion: Variations in reported measurements of the pharyngeal recess can be attributed to imaging techniques, patient positioning, anatomical differences, and sample sizes. The use of 3D models generated from MDCT datasets offers a high-resolution and comprehensive approach to understanding the PR's morphometry and spatial relationships, enabling accurate measurements and advancing our knowledge of this anatomical region.