Participating in sports has been shown to promote overall wellness and, at the same time, reduce health risks. As more people are participating in sports, competitions have increased, and every aspect of the game has been focused by coaches and athletes in order to improve performance. One of these aspects is the warm-up session. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a dynamic warm-up versus a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) warm-up on the sprint and jump performance of recreationally active men. Thirty (n = 30) males were randomly assigned to undergo three sessions of different warm-up types, 72 h apart, involving either proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), dynamic stretching (DS), or no stretching session (control). The PNF and dynamic modes of stretching improved vertical jump performance, F (2.58) = 5.49, p = 0.046, to a certain extent (mean + 3.32% vs. control, p = 0.002 for dynamic and mean + 1.53% vs. control, p = 0.048 for PNF stretching). Dynamic stretching is best used to get a better vertical jump height. Sprint performance was also increased to a greater extent following the stretching session, F (2.58) = 5.60, p = 0.01. Sprint time was +1.05% faster vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.002 after dynamic stretching, while PNF stretching demonstrated a sprint time of +0.35% vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.049. Dynamic stretching showed a better sprint performance and also vertical jump height performance in this study. PNF and dynamic stretching prove to be equally efficacious in flexibility conditioning depending on the type of movement involved. This type of stretching should be utilized to help preserve or improve the performance output of physical activity, especially in sprinting and jumping events.

Background and Study Aim. Physical fitness serves as a significant indicator of an individual's health and overall well-being. This research aims to analyze students' physical fitness by conducting a comparative study based on social status. Physical fitness was measured as an indicator of students' health and well-being.Material and Methods. Quantitative descriptive research using survey method. This study involved low-grade students from two elementary schools, namely Mujahidin Elementary School and State Elementary School 16 Rasau Jaya, which have different social status. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 40 students from each school. Physical fitness data collection was conducted using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test. Analysis was assisted using the SPSS 26 application.Results. The results showed a significance value of 0.538 > 0.05 that there was no significant difference in physical fitness between students from both schools based on social status. Although there were variations in the mean physical fitness scores, the differences did not reach the level of statistical significance.Conclusions. This study contributes to the understanding of physical fitness differences based on social status among low-grade students. The implications of the results of this study can be used for the development of more focused intervention programs to improve physical fitness, especially among students with economic and educational challenges.

Study purpose. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of calisthenics exercise on physical fitness. Materials and methods. 28 obese female students aged 20–30 with a BMI ranging between 30 kg/m2 and 35 kg/m2 were involved in this study. Participants were randomly divided into three groups which comprised a calisthenics exercise group, an aerobic calisthenics exercise and a control group. Sit and reach test (flexibility), sit up test (muscular endurance) and 20-meter shuttle run test (cardiovascular endurance) were measured as physical fitness parameters. All the tests were conducted before and after a 12-week intervention training program. Results. The results of this study indicate that the calisthenics and aerobic calisthenics groups had significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the sit and reach test performance compared to the control group. The aerobic calisthenics group also showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the sit up and 20-metre shuttle run test performance compared to the calisthenics and control groups. Conclusions. In conclusion, these study findings demonstrated that calisthenics exercise when combined with aerobic exercise was more effective to improve flexibility, muscular endurance and cardiovascular endurance among obese female students compared to calisthenics exercise only. Therefore, it is suggested that fitness trainers should consider combining calisthenics exercise with aerobics in the training program to improve flexibility, muscular and cardiovascular endurance.

Background and Study Aim. Despite many evidences showed the effectiveness of small sided games (SSG) to be included in sport training programs, majority of the study was done in soccer, while is very limited in hockey. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effects of small sided games and traditional training on physical fitness components (cardiovascular endurance, power, speed) and skills (dribbling, hitting, passing) among Under-12 hockey players. Material and Methods. A total of 36 primary schools’ male students aged below 12 that represent their district were randomly divided into three groups; i) 3x3, ii) 4x4 and iii) traditional training (TT). The yo-yo test (cardiovascular endurance), standing long jump test (power) and 30m sprint test (speed) were conducted to measure level of physical fitness performance while the skills of the players was tested based on the skills of dribbling, hitting and passing. Pre- and post-tests were conducted on all fitness and skill level before and after 8 week intervention period. Mixed between within analysis of variances (ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences in physical fitness and skills performance between and within the three groups. Results. The results of this study showed all groups managed to improve their physical fitness and skills in the post test. However, the 3x3 and 4x4 SSG have better improvement compared to TT in physical fitness while no significant differences were found in skills tests. Conclusions. In conclusion, SSG interventions were found to be more effective in improving physical fitness but not in terms of skills. Coaches are encouraging to implement SSG in their training program in order to improve both physical and skills among hockey players. Передумови та мета дослідження. Незважаючи на багато доказів, які свідчать про ефективність включення малосторонніх ігор (SSG) у програми спортивних тренувань, більшість досліджень було проведено у футболі, тоді як у хокеї воно було дуже обмеженим. Мета цього дослідження полягала в тому, щоб визначити та порівняти вплив ігор з маленькими сторонами та традиційних тренувань на компоненти фізичної підготовки (серцево-судинна витривалість, сила, швидкість) та навички (дриблінг, удари, передачі) серед хокеїстів до 12 років.Матеріал і методи. Загалом 36 учнів початкової школи віком до 12 років, які представляють свій район, були випадковим чином розділені на три групи; i) 3x3, ii) 4x4 і iii) традиційне тренування (TT). Тест йо-йо (серцево-судинна витривалість), тест стрибків у довжину з місця (потужність) і тест спринту на 30 м (швидкість) проводилися для вимірювання рівня фізичної підготовки, тоді як навички гравців перевірялися на основі навичок ведення, ударів і проходження. Попередні та післятести були проведені на всіх рівнях фізичної підготовки та навичок до та після 8-тижневого періоду втручання. Змішаний дисперсійний аналіз (ANOVA) використовувався для аналізу відмінностей у фізичній підготовленості та виконанні навичок між трьома групами та всередині них.Результати. Результати цього дослідження показали, що всі групи змогли покращити свою фізичну форму та навички після тестування. Однак 3x3 і 4x4 SSG мають кращі покращення у порівнянні з TT у фізичній підготовленості, тоді як суттєвих відмінностей у тестах навичок не виявлено.Висновки. Підсумовуючи, втручання SSG виявилися більш ефективними для покращення фізичної форми, але не з точки зору навичок. Тренери заохочують використовувати SSG у своїх тренувальних програмах, щоб покращити як фізичні, так і навички хокеїстів.

Research purpose. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of wearable resistance loading during warm-up protocol on front kick movement mechanics and muscle activation. Materials and methods. Twenty-five (N = 25, height = 174.00 ± 4.76 cm, weight = 75.93 ± 13.64 kg, age = 22.57 ± 1.36 years) male university taekwondo athletes were recruited as participants of the study. Wearable resistance with loading of 0%, 5% and 10% of the athletes’ body mass were attached to participants’ thigh and shank. Kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation during front kick were assessed. Results. Overall, the results showed that there were no significant differences found between different WR loading in kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation during front kick movement. The results reflected that there were no detrimental effects of wearing wearable resistance during warm-up sessions. The findings are somewhat surprising as it was hypothesized that WR loading would produce effects on the mechanics of kicking and muscle activation. Wearable resistance did not increase kicking performance which was reflected by kicking velocity. This might be due to percentage of loading used which are seen as not reducing the performance, which reflects that the wearable resistance can be used during warm-up in training sessions as an add-on to resistance training. Conclusions. We suggest that future studies should examine the chronic effects of wearable resistance as specific tools to be used in enhancing the performance of taekwondo kicks.

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