AgNPs have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, making them valuable across a range of fields including medicine, textiles, and household products. With their strong antimicrobial and antiviral properties, AgNPs have shown promise in treating infections, particularly in wound care management. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the antiviral activities of AgNPs, as well as the methods used for their synthesis, which include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The review also addresses the potential limitations of AgNPs, including their cytotoxicity to humans and the environment. The interaction between AgNPs and microorganisms, particularly viruses, varies based on synthesis methods and particle morphology. As viral infections, including resistant strains, present major global health challenges, there is a growing need for alternative antiviral therapies. Metal nanoparticles like AgNPs offer potential advantages over conventional antiviral drugs due to their broad target range, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. This review highlights AgNPs’ effectiveness against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and respiratory syncytial virus, and discusses their potential for use in novel antiviral treatments. The review also examines AgNPs’ toxicity, offering insights into their future therapeutic roles.

Peptic ulcer disease, affecting up to 20% of the global population, poses a significant health challenge with limited treatment options due to side effects and the inefficiency of existing drugs. This study explores the potential of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) as targets for peptic ulcer treatment. PBPs, critical for bacterial cell wall integrity, are inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics, leading to bacterial vulnerability. Flavonoids, prominent in plants, exhibit antimicrobial and gastroprotective properties against peptic ulcers. A docking analysis of 35 phytochemicals from the Artocarpus plant against PBP (PDB code: 1QMF) revealed artocarpin as a promising candidate (docking score: −148.24 Kcal/mol). Artocarpin exhibited interactions with key amino acids and demonstrated favourable in silico pharmacokinetics, including high absorption and good drug-likeness. Additionally, engeletin 5 and rutin showed significant docking scores (−134.89 and −148.07 kcal/mol, respectively). Artocarpin, identified as a potential H. pylori inhibitor, presents a promising avenue for peptic ulcer treatment, warranting further exploration of its therapeutic application. This study contributes valuable insights into the molecular interactions of phytochemicals with PBPs, paving the way for novel and effective approaches in peptic ulcer therapy.

Peptic ulcer disease, which includes gastric and duodenal ulcers, is one of the most widespread gastrointestinal conditions, affecting 10% of the global population. The main cause of this disease was continuous imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors as elevation of aggressive factors increases levels of pepsin gastric acid secretion and decreases bicarbonate ions. NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), Alcohol, Smoking, H. pylori infections are the factors which are responsible for disrupting Gastric acid secretion and leads to formation of ulcers. Conventional drugs like PPIs, H2 receptor blockers, Prostaglandin analogues has shown various side effects. Hence, the phytochemicals found in medicinal plants, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, are a rich supply of polyphenolic substances that may be used to treat a variety of ailments. In this review, we summarized available literature with the help of ‘PubMed’, ‘Google Scholar’, and ‘Scopus’, etc. Here, Probiotics, isolated phytochemical substances, common medicinal plants, and green synthesis of plant extracts have all been utilized to treat peptic ulcers.

Parasitic diseases are some of the most lethal and pervasive infections globally, causing millions of cases of morbidity and mortality annually. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant vector-borne pathogen, resulting in 0.5 million fatalities annually. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, continues to be a significant worldwide health issue, requiring the development of novel treatment medicines to address increasing medication resistance. This study undertakes a focused in silico screening of phytochemicals derived from Centella asiatica against dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS), represented by PDB ID: 3BWK. This work investigated molecular modelling to clarify the probable mechanism of its anti-malarial activity through the suppression of falciparum proteins. Campesterol exhibits a maximal binding affinity (docking score: −8.6 Kcal/mol) for FP-2 from Plasmodium falciparum, as determined by our molecular docking investigation of 15 bioactive compounds from Centella asiatica. However, Ursolic acid and rutin also showed potential activity with significant docking scores (−8.5 and 8.4 Kcal/mol). Campesterol, recognized as a possible inhibitor of falciparum, offers a viable pathway for the treatment of malaria, necessitating additional investigation into its therapeutic use. This research provides significant insights into the molecular interactions between phytochemicals, facilitating innovative and successful strategies for malaria treatment. Our research indicates that polyphenols derived from Centella asiatica exhibit significant pharmacological potential against several biological targets.