Purpose of Review: This review addresses the current landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) with a focus on liver metastases, the third most common cancer globally. It explores recent findings in treatment strategies, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and local therapies for synchronous colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Recent Findings: Highlighting the role of advanced imaging, the review underscores the significance of contrast-enhanced MRI in surgical planning for CRLMs. Surgical resection remains a primary choice for resectable cases, with considerations for oncologic scoring systems and tumor biology. Perioperative systemic chemotherapy plays a pivotal role, especially in conversion therapy for initially unresectable CRLMs. The review also explores various local therapies, including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, stereotactic body radiotherapy, hepatic arterial infusional chemotherapy, selective internal radiation therapy, and transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable cases. Summary: A comprehensive approach, integrating surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and local therapies, is crucial for managing synchronous CRLMs. Surgical resection and perioperative chemotherapy are key players, guided by considerations of tumor biology and scoring systems. For unresectable cases, local therapies offer viable alternatives, emphasizing the need for tailored treatments. Multidisciplinary collaboration among medical oncologists, surgeons, and radiologists is essential. Ongoing research will refine treatment approaches, while emerging technologies hold promise for further advancements in managing colorectal liver metastases.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial prevalence of HPV infection among men, routine testing remains elusive due to the lack of approved HPV tests and the complexity of detection methods. Various studies have explored the link between HPV and genitourinary cancers, revealing different associations influenced by geographic variation, histological subtype and methodological differences. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate the role of HPV in male urogenital cancers. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between HPV and male genitourinary cancers, shedding light on the virus’s oncogenic mechanisms and its reported prevalence. A deeper understanding of HPV’s implications for male health is essential for advancing public health initiatives and reducing the burden of urogenital cancers worldwide.

Purpose: Immunotherapy efficacy in elderly patients with comorbidities and poor performance status is not well understood. More knowledge on this topic is needed to identify subgroups that will benefit from immunotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of comorbidity burden in patients receiving immunotherapy. Methods/patients: Patients older than 18 years of age and diagnosed with various malignancies, followed up in our tertiary cancer center were screened. Patients treated with immunotherapy were included in this study. We used to Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to evaluate patients’ comorbidity burden. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Hazard ratio (HR) with confidence interval (CI) was evaluated in multivariable analysis. Results: A total number of 197 patients were included. The median age was 62 years. Patients were grouped based on CCI scores: CCI-low (≤ 8) and CCI-high (> 8). One-hundred and seven patients (54.9%) had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Most frequently used immunotherapy agent was nivolumab (n = 124, 62.9%), followed by pembrolizumab (n = 36, 18.3%). The median OS was shorter in the CCI-high group than in the CCI-low group (10.6 vs. 21.2 months, p = 0.002) In multivariable analysis, treatment with anti-CTLA4 (HR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.07–3.20, p = 0.028), ECOG performance status (2–4 vs. 0–1) (HR: 2.17; 95% CI 1.25–3.75; p = 0.005), and higher CCI scores (CCI-high vs. CCI-low) (HR: 1.97; 95% CI 1.3–3.0; p = 0.001) were independently associated with worse OS. Conclusions: Comorbidity burden and performance status independently predict survival outcomes in immunotherapy-treated cancer patients. Comprehensive comorbidity assessment is essential for optimizing treatment and improving patient outcomes.

Background: Low serum sodium affects cancer prognosis, but its impact on immunotherapy is unclear. Objective: Assessing the association of pre- and post-ICI treatment sodium levels with survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients receiving ICI in January 2012-December 2023, collecting serum sodium levels at treatment initiation and 4 weeks post-ICI, with overall survival (OS) as the primary outcome. Results: Low sodium was observed in 125 and 119 patients pre-and post-treatment respectively. Pre-ICI and post-ICI low sodium correlated with decreased OS [10.6 vs. 22.9 months (p = 0.001) and 11.6 vs. 27.2 months (p = 0.009)]. Multivariate analysis identified pre-ICI low sodium [HR: 1.685; 95% CI: 1.050-2.705; p = 0.031] as an independent risk factor for worse OS. Conclusion: Low baseline serum sodium was an independent risk factor for poor OS in patients treated with ICIs.

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are among the transformative and manageable systemic therapies for several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, their clinical benefit is limited to mismatch-deficient or microsatellite instability-high diseases, which represent only a small percentage of cases. Despite this initial major and stringent selection, primary and acquired resistance remain clinically relevant. Therefore, the identification of additional biomarkers is essential to refine patient selection and guide rational combinational strategies. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding established and emerging biomarkers of response and resistance to ICIs in CRC. Methods: This narrative review identified and synthesized relevant clinical trials, translational studies, and reviews through a literature search of emerging biomarkers of immunotherapy response in colorectal cancer. Results: Deficient mismatch repair/high microsatellite instability remains the most reliable predictive biomarker of ICI response, emphasized by high tumor mutational burden, POLE/POLD mutations, and specific tumor microenvironment features. Emerging indicators, including molecular alterations, antigen presentation machinery integrity, PD-L1-mediated signaling, microbiome connections, and circulating tumor DNA kinetics, have demonstrated significant potential as sources for therapeutic response prediction and have informed the development of innovative combination strategies in both MSI-H and MSS CRCs. Conclusions: Immunotherapy response in CRC is determined by a complex interplay between tumor-intrinsic, immune, microenvironmental, and systemic factors. Integrating multiple biomarkers may provide superior stratification and guide therapeutic strategies. Prospective validation and standardized biomarker assessment will be imperative to translate these insights into clinical practice.