Pregnancy is generally studied as a biological interaction between a mother and a fetus; however, the father, with his characteristics, lifestyle, genetics, and living environment, is by no means unrelated to the outcome of pregnancy. The half of the fetal genetic heritage of paternal derivation can be decisive in cases of inherited chromosomal disorders, and can be the result of de novo genetic alterations. In addition to the strictly pathological aspects, paternal genetics may transmit thrombophilic traits that affect the implantation and vascular construction of the feto-placental unit, lead to placenta-mediated diseases such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation, and contribute to the multifactorial genesis of preterm delivery. Biological aspects of immunological tolerance to paternal antigens also appear to be crucial for these pathologies. Finally, this review describes the biological findings by which the environment, exposure to pathogens, lifestyle, and nutritional style of the father affect fetal pathophysiological and epigenetic definition.

To propose and anatomically substantiate a 2-pathway model of lymphatic dissemination in gynecologic cancers by correlating patterns of lymphatic spread with reproducible vascular landmarks identifiable on ultrasound and confirmed by cadaveric dissection. A descriptive anatomical study was conducted integrating schematic anatomy, targeted cadaveric dissections, and high-resolution ultrasound correlation. Lymphatic dissemination pathways were identified using reproducible vascular landmarks, which were systematically assessed on ultrasound and anatomically verified on cadaveric specimens. Representative clinical imaging cases illustrating involvement of the posterior and anterior pathways were included. Two principal lymphatic pathways were consistently identified. The posterior pathway, organized along major retroperitoneal vessels and their tributaries, represented the predominant route of lymphatic dissemination across gynecologic cancers, reflecting its anatomical continuity and established caudo-cranial spread from pelvic to supradiaphragmatic nodal basins. In contrast, involvement of the anterior pathway was observed mainly in association with extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis affecting the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. Along both pathways, lymphatic dissemination followed consistent vascular landmarks that were reproducibly identifiable on ultrasound and anatomically confirmed on cadaveric specimens. This study anatomically substantiates a 2-pathway model of lymphatic dissemination in gynecologic cancers through integration of cadaveric dissection and ultrasound-based imaging correlation. A posterior (retroperitoneal) lymphatic pathway was identified as the predominant route of lymphatic spread, while an anterior (parietal) lymphatic pathway was observed in association with lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal and thoracic walls, particularly in advanced disease with carcinomatosis and ascites. This pathway-oriented framework provides an anatomical basis for structured interpretation of lymphatic dissemination patterns and supports imaging-based lymph node assessment using reproducible vascular landmarks.