The objective of this study was to observe the effects of anthocyanin from purple corn on blood biochemical indexes, ruminal fluid fermentation parameters, and the microbial population in goats. A total of 18 Qianbei Ma wether kids (body weight, 21.38 ± 1.61 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to three groups using a completely randomized design. The group diets were: (1) control, basal diet, (2) treatment 1 (LA), basal diet with 0.5-g/d purple corn pigment (PCP), and (3) treatment 2 (HA), basal diet with 1-g/d PCP. The results showed that supplementation of PCP anthocyanin increased (P < 0.05) crude protein and gross energy digestibilities compared to the control. Compared to the control group, the inclusion of anthocyanin-rich PCP led to significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma reduced glutathione and peroxidase concentrations. Goats receiving PCP had increased (P < 0.05) ruminal fluid acetic acid and a higher ratio of acetate to propionate, while the propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid levels had decreased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in ruminal fluid alpha bacterial diversity among the three groups. At the phylum level, the feeding of PCP had significant effect (P < 0.05) on the abundances of Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Elusimicrobiota, WPS-2, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, HA group had lower (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundance compared to the other groups. In addition, significant differences (P < 0.05) were also observed for the ruminal fluid Eubacterium_nodatum_group, Amnipila, Ruminiclostridium, U29-B03, unclassified_c_Clostridia, Pyramidobacter, Anaeroplasma, UCG-004, Atopobium, norank_f_norank_o_Bradymonadales, Elusimicrobium, norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_norank_p_WPS-2, norank_f_Bacteroidales_UCG-001, and norank_f_norank_o_Gastranaerophilales among all groups. Taken together, the inclusion of anthocyanin-rich PCP increased the antioxidant potential, improved rumen volatile fatty acids, and induced a shift in the structure and relative abundance of ruminal microbiota in growing goats.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a far-reaching economic class of pathogen of swine breeding, causing substantial financial losses to the swine industry. Due to the lack of effective control measures and effective vaccines, the virus continues to persist and spread. PRRSV uses complex and tightly regulated processes to enter the host cells. In brief, the process can be divided into three phases: endocytosis, intracellular replication, and release. The virus employs host cell proteins and related pathways to achieve intracellular replication, evading the host's immune response. In response to exogenous intracellular pathogen infection, host cells utilize various strategies to antagonize the viral replication process. This review examines the multiple mechanisms by which PRRSV infects host cells and elucidates the pivotal roles of viral effectors during intracellular replication. In addition, it delves into the host cell response to PRRSV infection. These findings are essential for in-depth understanding and research on PRRSV infection strategies and identifying antiviral targets.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of dragon fruit peel polyphenolic extract (DFPE) on gas production, rumen fermentation, and bacterial communities in sika deer using an in vitro technique. Three treatments with different DFPE levels (DFPE0, base diet; DFPE5, base diet + 5 mg/g DFPE; DFPE10, base diet + 10 mg/g DFPE, respectively; n = 6) were implemented. The phenolic composition of DFPE, gas production (GP), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and bacteria communities was evaluated after 24 h of incubation. The results showed that GP and NH₃-N were reduced by DFPE supplementation. Total VFA, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid were increased (p < 0.05) by the addition of DFPE. No changes (p > 0.05) were observed in pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. Additionally, the alpha indexes, including Sobs, Shannon, and Ace, were increased by DFPE supplementation. Moreover, at the phylum level, DFPE supplementation increased (p = 0.01) Bacteroidota but reduced (p < 0.01) Firmicutes. At the genus level, compared to DFPE0, the DFPE10 had increased relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p < 0.01), norank_f_Muribaculaceae (p = 0.01), Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group (p < 0.01), Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (p < 0.01), and NK4A214_group (p < 0.01), decreased relative abundances of Streptococcus (p < 0.01), Oribacterium (p = 0.01), and Enterococcus (p < 0.01). Compared to DFPE0, DFPE5 had no change (p > 0.05) in all bacteria at the genus level except for decreased relative abundance of Enterococcus (p < 0.01). These results indicated that DFPE may be able to be used as a feed additive to enhance fermentation parameters and improve ruminal bacteria communities in Sika deer.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Despite numerous studies on this virus, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection remain unclear. Enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) is a crucial scaffold protein for P-body assembly that stimulates mRNA decapping by alleviating self-inhibition of the DCP1/2 decapping complex. In this study, we investigated the impact of EDC3 on PRRSV proliferation, as well as its influence on three key adaptor proteins of the innate immune system: Toll-like receptor interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that EDC3 overexpression in both Marc-145 and PAM-CD163 cells significantly inhibited transcription of the PRRSV N gene and expression of the N protein. Conversely, knockdown of EDC3 expression in these cells significantly promoted the transcription of the PRRSV N gene and expression of the N protein. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that EDC3 overexpression significantly enhanced the expression of MyD88, whereas the inhibition of EDC3 expression led to a reduction in this process. In contrast, EDC3 did not effectively promote the increase in protein levels of TRIF and MAVs. In conclusion, the P-body EDC3 protein suppresses PRRSV proliferation and function by upregulating MyD88. This work is the first to report the mechanism of action of EDC3 against PRRSV, providing ideas for studying antiviral innate immunity.

This study aimed to explore the effect of anthocyanin-rich black sugarcane on milk production, plasma antioxidant capacity, and the storage period DPPH scavenging capacity of milk in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen lactating dairy cows were stratified and randomly assigned into two balanced dietary groups, namely Anthocyanin-rich black sugarcane (AS), and Napier grass (NG). The AS group demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in roughage intake, total dry matter intake, and nutrient intake. Blood glucose concentration was significantly greater in the AS group compared to the NG group. Additionally, the AS group had a significantly higher superoxide dismutase inhibition rate and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity in plasma compared to the NG group. Furthermore, the DPPH scavenging capacity in the AS group was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) after 3 d of storage period. The NG group showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in DPPH scavenging capacity as the storage time extended. The incorporation of AS in the diet of lactating dairy cows is posited to enhance antioxidant performance, evidenced by an elevation in plasma antioxidant capacity. Additionally, AS may bestow the added benefit of preserving milk quality by augmenting the milk intrinsic DPPH scavenging capacity during storage period.