In order to reduce the waste of Akebia trifoliata peel and maximize its utilization, in this study, on the basis of a single-factor experiment and the response surface method, the optimum technological conditions for the extraction of soluble dietary fiber from Akebia trifoliata peel with the compound enzyme method were obtained. The chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, structural characterization and biological activity of the purified soluble dietary fiber (AP-SDF) from the Akebia trifoliata peel were analyzed. We discovered that that the optimum yield was 20.87% under the conditions of cellulase addition 600 U/g, enzymolysis time 100 min, solid–liquid ratio 1:24 g/mL and enzymolysis temperature 51 °C. At the same time, AP-SDF was a porous network structure cellulose type I acidic polysaccharose mainly composed of arabinoxylan (36.03%), galacturonic acid (27.40%) and glucose (19.00%), which possessed the structural characteristic peaks of the infrared spectra of polysaccharides and the average molecular weight (Mw) was 95.52 kDa with good uniformity. In addition, the AP-SDF exhibited high oil-holding capacity (15.11 g/g), good water-holding capacity and swelling capacity, a certain antioxidant capacity in vitro, hypoglycemic activity in vitro for α-glucosidase inhibition and hypolipidemic activity in vitro for the binding ability of bile acids and cholesterol. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional products with antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, which have certain application value in related industries.

Latheticus oryzae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a significant pest of stored grains, yet its phylogenetic position and mitogenome characteristics have remained poorly explored. Here, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of L. oryzae (GenBank accession No. PX331584.1). The complete mitogenome is a circular molecule of 15,798 bp encoding 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and a control region, with a high A + T content of 71.08%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs robustly resolved the evolutionary position of L. oryzae , placing it as a sister group to Tribolium species within the tribe Tenebrionini. This clarifies its phylogenetic affinities and suggests a close evolutionary relationship and possibly shared adaptive strategies with the model pest genus Tribolium . Expression profiling revealed significant developmental and tissue‐specific differences in PCG transcription, with heightened energy metabolism gene expression in larval stages and fat body, potentially reflecting genetic adaptations for growth and survival in nutrient‐rich environments. These findings provide foundational insights into the molecular evolution and ecological adaptation of L. oryzae , facilitating future studies on pest evolution and mitogenome‐driven management strategies.

In order to reduce the waste of Akebia trifoliata peel and maximize its utilization. In this study, on the basis of single factor experiment and response surface method, the optimum technological conditions for the extraction of soluble dietary fiber from Akebia trifoliata peel by compound en-zyme method were obtained. The chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, structural characterization and biological activity of the purified soluble dietary fiber (AP-SDF) from the Akebia trifoliata peel were analyzed. We discovered that that the optimum yield was 20.87 % under the conditions of cellulase addition 600 U/g, enzymolysis time 100 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:24 g/mL and enzymolysis temperature 51 °C. At the same time, AP-SDF was a po-rous network structure cellulose type I acidic polysaccharose mainly composed of arabinoxylan (36.03%), galacturonic acid (27.40%) and glucose (19.00%), which possessed the structural charac-teristic peaks of the infrared spectra of polysaccharides, and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) was 95.52 kDa with good uniformity. In addition, AP-SDF exhibited high oil hold-ing capacity (15.11 g/g), good water holding capacity, swelling capacity, certain antioxidant ca-pacity in vitro, hypoglycemic activity in vitro of α-glucosidase inhibition and hypolipidemic ac-tivity in vitro of the binding ability of bile acids and cholesterol. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional products with antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, it has certain application value in related industries.

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a cosmopolitan stored-product pest frequently infesting sauce-flavor Daqu (a multi-microbial fermented starter), may experience mitochondrial genome variations under the selective pressure exerted by this enzyme-rich substrate. Here we test whether feeding on sauce-flavor Daqu is associated with mitogenomic differences in T. castaneum. We present the complete mitochondrial genome of T. castaneum from this environment: a 15,885 bp circular DNA (GenBank PV563855) retaining ancestral insect architecture with 71.81% A+T content and slight positive AT skew. The genome contains 37 functional elements: 22 tRNA genes (all exhibiting atypical cloverleaf structures except trnS1(AGN)), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, and a 1,238 bp A+T-rich control region (82.80% AT). Eleven PCGs initiate with ATN codons, while cox1 (CTG) and nad1 (TTG) show divergent initiation. Ten PCGs terminate with TAA/TAG codons. Gene order aligns with basal insect mitogenomes. Comparative analysis with Jiangsu (China) and California (USA) strains revealed conserved structural features, though sequence/assembly discrepancies require further investigation to assess potential pressure-induced mutations. While these differences may reflect adaptations to the enzyme-rich Daqu environment, technical and geographical factors could also contribute; further functional studies are needed to establish causal links.

This study investigated the physiological regulatory mechanisms by which exogenous trehalose intake enhances the adaptation of the global stored-grain pest T. castaneum to high-concentration carbon dioxide (CO₂) stress. By supplementing exogenous trehalose under high-CO₂ controlled atmosphere stress, we measured the activities of key detoxification enzymes (e.g., carboxylesterase and cytochrome P450) and the levels of carbohydrate substances (e.g., glycogen, glucose, and trehalose). The results demonstrated that trehalose feeding significantly alleviated CO₂ induced mortality in T. castaneum and prolonged their survival time. In terms of detoxification metabolism, a trehalose-rich diet significantly reduced the activities of cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase, while the glucose content in the beetles decreased markedly. These findings indicate that trehalose accumulation mitigates physiological damage caused by high-CO₂ stress in T. castaneum. Furthermore, exogenous trehalose intake did not disrupt carbohydrate metabolic homeostasis in the beetles, as trehalase activity and the levels of various carbohydrates remained relatively stable. This study elucidates the role of trehalose metabolism in T. castaneum’s adaptation to high-CO₂ environments, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing controlled atmosphere grain storage technology and developing novel pest control strategies.