Background: Risk factors for severe dengue manifestations have been attributed to various factors, including specific serotypes, sex, and age. Mexico has seen the re-emergence of DENV-3, which has not circulated in a decade. Objective: To describe dengue serotypes by age, sex, and their association with disease severity in dengue-positive serum samples from epidemiological surveillance system units. Materials and Methods: A descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the frequency of dengue severity by sex, age, disease quarter, geographical location, and dengue virus serotypes. The study was conducted using laboratory samples from confirmed dengue cases through RT-qPCR from the epidemiological surveillance laboratory network of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico. Simple frequencies and proportions were calculated using the z-test for proportional differences between groups. Bivariate analysis with adjusted Chi2 was performed, and binary logistic regression models were constructed using the forward Wald method considering the model’s predictive capacity. The measure of association was the odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set to an alpha level of <0.05. Results: In 2023, 10,441 samples were processed for dengue RT-qPCR at the IMSS, with a predominance of serotype DENV-3 (64.4%). The samples were mostly from women (52.0%) and outpatient cases (63.3%). The distribution of dengue severity showed significant variations by age, with a lower proportion of severe cases in young children and a higher proportion in the 5- to 14-year-old group. Hospitalizations increased significantly with severity. Warm regions had more cases overall and severity. Cases were most frequent from July to September. While DENV-2 was associated with severity, DENV-4 was not. Binary regression identified higher risk in women, age extremes, and DENV-2, with an overall predictive model of 58.5%. Conclusions: Women, age groups at the extremes of life, and the DENV-2 serotype presented severe risk of dengue in a population with social security in Mexico during 2023.

The Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) virus infections have been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). GBS has an estimated lethality of 4% to 8%, even with effective treatment. Mexico is considered a hyperendemic country for DENV due to the circulation of four serotypes, and the ZIKV and CHIKV viruses have also been circulating in the country. The objective of this study was to predict the number of GBS cases in relation to the cumulative incidence of ZIKV / DENV / CHIKV in Mexico from 2014 to 2019. A six-year time series ecological study was carried out from GBS cases registered in the Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Epidemiological Surveillance System (ESS), and DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV estimated cases from cases registered in the epidemiological vector-borne diseases surveillance system. The results shows that the incidence of GBS in Mexico is positively correlated with DENV and ZIKV. For every 1,000 estimated DENV cases, 1.45 GBS cases occurred on average, and for every 1,000 estimated ZIKV cases, 1.93 GBS cases occurred on average. A negative correlation between GBS and CHIKV estimated cases was found. The increase in the incidence of GBS cases in Mexico can be predicted by observing DENV and ZIKV cases through the epidemiological surveillance systems. These results can be useful in public health by providing the opportunity to improve capacities for the prevention of arbovirus diseases and for the timely procurement of supplies for the treatment of GBS.

At the end of 2015, the first cases of Zika were identified in southern Mexico. During 2016, Zika spread as an outbreak to a large part of the country's coastal zones. The Zika epidemiological surveillance system records cases with clinical symptoms of Zika virus disease (ZVD) and those confirmed by means of a reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. This report includes the suspected and confirmed cases from 2016. Incidence rates were estimated by region and in pregnant women based on the proportion of confirmed cases. In total, 43,725 suspected cases of ZVD were reported. The overall incidence of suspected cases of ZVD was 82.0 per 100,000 individuals and 25.3 per 100,000 Zika cases. There were 4,168 pregnant women with suspected symptoms of ZVD, of which infection was confirmed in 1,082 (26%). The estimated incidence rate of ZVD for pregnant women nationwide was 186.1 positive Zika cases per 100,000 pregnant women. The incidence of Zika in Mexico is higher than that reported previously in the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance. Positive cases of Zika must be estimated and reported.

Tuberculosis and HIV remain a public health problem in developed countries. The objective of this study was to analyze the incidence trends of pulmonary TB and HIV comorbidity and treatment outcomes according to HIV during the period 2006 to 2014 in the Mexican Institute of Social Security. Analyzed data from this registry including pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 15 years and older who had been diagnosed during the years 2006 to 2014 in the Mexican Institute of Social Security. The outcomes that we use were incidents rate, failure to treatment and death. Regression models were used to quantify associations between pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV mortality. During the study period, 31,352 patients were registered with pulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence rate observed during 2014 was 11.6 case of PTB per 100,000. The incidence rate for PTB and HIV was 0.345 per 100,000. The PTB incidence rate decreased by 0.07%, differences found in the PTB incidence rate by sex since in women decreased by 5.52% and in man increase by 3.62%. The pulmonary TB with HIV incidence rate decreased by 16.3% during the study period (In women increase 4.81% and in man decrease 21.6%). Analysis of PTB associated with HIV by age groups revealed that the highest incidence rates were observed for the 30 to 44 years old group. Meanwhile, the highest incidence rates of PTB without HIV occurred among the 60 and more years old individuals. We did not find statistically significant differences between treatment failure and PTB patients with HIV and without HIV. The treatment failure was associated with sex and the region of the patient. We found a strong association between HIV and the probability of dying during treatment. Our data suggested that patients suffering from both conditions (PTB and HIV) have no difference in the probability of failure of treatment contrary to other reports. Hypotheses to this is adherence to tuberculosis treatment with people living with HIV/AIDS, detection of PTB in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS or PTB patients on antiretroviral therapy were more likely to have successful treatment outcomes than those not on antiretroviral treatment. We have found that PTB and HIV increases the probability of dying during treatment compared to the cases of PTB without HIV, consistent with published other study HIV increases the mortality rates associated with PTB. No association between pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV and treatment failure was observed, but pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV increases the probability of dying during treatment compared to the pulmonary tuberculosis cases without HIV.

Background: The 2022 mpox outbreak marked a significant shift in the epidemiology of this zoonotic disease, traditionally confined to Central and West Africa. With over 80 countries reporting cases, this outbreak was characterized by a rapid spread in non-endemic regions, leading to more than 70,000 confirmed cases globally. Objective: To quantify the cumulative incidence of mpox and identify associated factors of mpox among the Mexican population affiliated by the Mexican Social Security Institute during the 2022–2023 outbreak. Material and methods: A retrospective observational study using a cross-sectional survey to assess the cumulative incidence and factors associated with mpox. The cumulative incidence of laboratory confirmed mpox cases was calculated by dividing the number of confirmed cases by the insured population in the Mexican Social Security Institute as of mid-2022, per 100,000 individuals, this was analyzed by sex, age group, sexual orientation and people living with HIV. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with mpox infection. Results: A total of 2,956 probable cases were reported, with 1,744 (59%) laboratory-confirmed mpox cases. Most confirmed cases were male, with a median age of 32 years. The overall cumulative incidence was 4.05 per 100,000 persons, significantly higher in men and men who have sex with men. Logistic regression revealed that male sex was significantly associated with higher odds of laboratory-confirmed mpox. Age groups 30–34, 35–39, and 40–44 had an elevated risk of infection. Men who have sex with men showed a substantially increased likelihood of mpox, while individuals living with HIV were at higher risk compared to those without HIV. Key clinical predictors included fever, arm rash, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: The 2022 mpox outbreak revealed significant disparities in infection risk, particularly among men, men who have sex with men, and individuals living with HIV.

Background: Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the mosquitoes Aedes, which is characterized by fever, myalgia and arthralgia. In some cases, it can be fatal. For many years, dengue fever has been endemic to Mexico; however, few studies have investigated the historical and current extents of dengue fever at the national level or considered the effects of variables such as temperature, precipitation and elevation on its occurrence. Methods: An ecological study was carried out to compare the incidence rates of different types of dengue fever per hundred thousand inhabitants with temperature, precipitation and elevation between 1985 and 2023 in Mexico. The sources of information were the public records of the Ministry of Health and the National Meteorological Service. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed with Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients at an alpha of <0.05. Results: The global linear regression presented an R² of 0.68 between the mean temperature and the cases of haemorrhagic dengue/severe/with warning signs. The degree of rainfall was not strongly correlated with the incidence rate, except in the eastern part of the country, where average temperature was also strongly correlated with the incidence rate. Nonsevere/classic dengue was most common from 1501 to 2000 m elevation, whereas severe forms of the disease were more prevalent at elevations greater than 2000 m.