This paper presents a novel approach for an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on one kind of asymmetric optimization which use any three already well-known IDS algorithms and Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) algorithm together. Namely, a variable threshold which indicates an attack on an observed and protected network is determined by using all three values obtained with three known IDS algorithms i.e., on previously recorded data by making a decision by majority. For these algorithms authors used algorithm of k-nearest neighbors, cumulative sum algorithm, and algorithm of exponentially weighted moving average. Using a proposed method we can get a threshold that is more precisely determined than in the case of any method individual. Practically, using TMR we obtain a dynamically threshold adjustment of IDS software, which reduces the existence of false alarms and undetected attacks, so the efficiency of such IDS software is notably higher and can get better results. Today, Denial of Service attacks (DoS) are one of the most present type of attacks and the reason for the special attention paid to them in this paper. In addition, the authors of the proposed method for IDS software used a known CIC-DDoS2019 dataset, which contains various data recordings of such attacks. Obtained results with the proposed solution showed better characteristics than each individual used algorithm in this solution. IDS software with the proposed method worked precisely and timely, which means alarms were triggered properly and efficiently.

Public-private partnership (PPP) has been getting momentum in market economies since the 1990s. Originally, it was created as a way of financing infrastructure projects, but its application since then has covered areas such as education, healthcare, high technology and many others. As the bulk of research in the domain of PPP is on the microeconomic impact and the analysis of the success of concrete PPP projects, the aim of this paper is to integrate these findings into a broader framework depicting macroeconomic aspects of public-private partnership. The existing literature, although not as extensive, points to several aspects that may affect economic development on the local, regional, and national levels, with greater adoption of PPP projects and their implementation. The paper introduces explanations for the elements of risk sharing between public and private partners, economic benefits, and costs in PPP, as well as the specific PPP channels of influence on the national economy and the PPP system dynamic model. One of the objectives is the analysis of the existing concept for estimating macroeconomic impacts of PPP, which could be used for evaluating its potential contribution to the growth and development of the national economy.

During the history there have been different examples of incorporating technology into economics. Some of them include SWIFT, e-banking, mobile payments, and many more. Technology had to be commercialized and put into service of facilitating economic processes. International finances underwent the process of development too. With the globalization process national economies became more interconnected and dependent from each other. Individuals demanded a faster and more convenient way to make international payments. Internet trade is on the rise, social media rule the contemporary world, and then appears the inception of so-called crypto currencies. The most famous is Bitcoin. Where lays its place in the economic science? It looks like that Bitcoin is going towards decentralization of the monetary system known by now. The goal of this paper is to raise the awareness of the changes happening in economy and in economic science.

This paper examines the relationship between investment in water education and economic performance, focusing on the context of widening countries (EU Member States and Associated Countries with lower research and innovation performance). Through time-series data and panel regression analysis, the study investigates whether increased spending on education correlates with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. While the initial static model indicates a positive but statistically insignificant association, a dynamic model with lagged GDP significantly improves explanatory power, suggesting that educational investments may influence growth with a temporal delay. Complementing the macroeconomic data, the paper analyses how targeted investments in educational innovation, especially in digital technologies such as virtual reality (VR) applications, enhance teaching quality and student engagement. Examples from partner universities involved in the WATERLINE project (Horizon Europe, 101071306) show how custom-built VR modules, aligned with existing hydraulic labs, contribute to advanced water-related skills. The paper also presents a cost-benefit analysis of VR applications in water education, highlighting their economic efficiency compared to traditional laboratory equipment. Additionally, it explores how micro-level innovations in education can generate macroeconomic benefits through widespread adoption and systemic impact. Ultimately, the research highlights the long-term value of education and innovation in strengthening both economic and human capital across diverse regions.

Small and medium-sized enterprises represent the backbone of the economy, including the construction sector. To sustain and stimulate the growth of the construction industry, it is essential to encourage entrepreneurship and the establishment of new companies. One effective approach is to provide students of technical sciences, particularly civil engineering and architecture, with education on economic principles and entrepreneurship. This can better prepare them for the labor market, especially those who may not secure employment immediately after graduation or who aspire to start their own businesses. The construction sector has a multidimensional impact on the national economy. It is deeply interconnected with various other sectors and industries, both upstream and downstream, and significantly influences the labor market, financial system, and industrial development. Given this strategic importance, countries must implement measures to support and expand this sector. This paper highlights the relevance of entrepreneurship education for students in technical fields and advocates for integrating basic economic and entrepreneurial concepts into their curricula. Drawing on international experiences and case studies, it proposes directions for further research in Serbia and the broader region. In addition, it offers conclusions and recommendations based on available data and research, with an emphasis on applicability within the Serbian context.

Financing green infrastructure requires arrangements capable of addressing high initial capital needs and long-term performance requirements. This paper examines the application of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to renewable energy, energy-efficient buildings, and related forms of green infrastructure. The study combines a structured qualitative review of scientific and institutional sources with selected international and Serbian project cases. The analysis identifies risk allocation, life-cycle management, regulatory predictability, institutional capacity, and contractual design as important factors affecting PPP performance. International cases include energy-efficient public lighting, solar-energy development, and waste-to-energy infrastructure, while Serbian examples cover public-lighting and biomass-based heating projects in Niš, solar generation in Vranje, and the Vinča waste-management PPP in Belgrade. These applications are interpreted through an integrated conceptual framework linking infrastructure investment needs and project risks with PPP mechanisms and economic, environmental, and social outcomes. For Serbia, the findings also indicate potential for further application in public-building energy renovation, renewable-energy systems, low-carbon district heating, and urban green and blue infrastructure.