Adipose tissue is still regarded as a principle site for lipid storage and mobilizing tissue with an important role in the control of energy homeostasis. Additionally, adipose tissue-secreted hormones such as leptin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, omentin, sex steroids, and various growth factors are now regarded as a functional part of the endocrine system. These hormones also play an important role in the immune system. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested the complex role of adipocyte-derived hormones in immune system and inflammation. Adipokines mediate beneficial and detrimental effects in immunity and inflammation. Many of these adipocytokines have a physiological role in metabolism. The uncontrolled secretions of several adipocytokines were associated with the stimulation of inflammatory processes leading to metabolic disorders including obesity, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity leads to the dysfunction of adipocytes andcorrelated with the imbalance of adipokines levels. In obese and diabetic conditions, leptin deficiency inhibited the Jak/Stat3/PI3K and insulin pathways. In this review, ample evidence exists to support the recognition of the adipocyte’s role in various tissues and pathologies. New integral insights may add dimensions to translate any potential agents into the future clinical armamentarium of chronic endocrine metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Functional balance of both adipocytes and immune cells is important to exert their effects on endocrine metabolic disorders; furthermore, adipose tissue should be renamed not only as a functional part of the endocrine system but also as a new part of the immune system.

Human skin is continuously subjected to environmental stresses, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic noxious agents. Although skin adopts various molecular mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, excessive and repeated stresses can overwhelm these systems, leading to serious cutaneous damage, including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Phytochemicals present in the diet possess the desirable effects of protecting the skin from damaging free radicals as well as other benefits. Dietary phytochemicals appear to be effective in preventing skin cancer and are inexpensive, widely available, and well tolerated. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic characteristics of dietary phytochemicals against skin malignancy. Moreover, dietary phytochemicals affect multiple important cellular processes including cell cycle, angiogenesis, and metastasis to control skin cancer progression. Herein, we discuss the advantages of key dietary phytochemicals in whole fruits and vegetables, their bioavailability, and underlying molecular mechanisms for preventing skin cancer. Current challenges and future prospects for research are also reviewed. To date, most of the chemoprevention investigations have been conducted preclinically, and additional clinical trials are required to conform and validate the preclinical results in humans.

Globally, Basal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent form of skin cancer, which originates from basal cells of the epidermis. Sun-exposed parts of the body (head, face, and neck) are mostly affected by BCC. Characteristics of BCC include local invasiveness, low potential of metastasis, and slow growth. Despite its relatively low rate of mortality, it presents a significant public health concern, as its incidence rate is continuously rising. Different factors like aging population, sun-exposure, and behavior changes in lifestyle plays an important role in increasing BCC incident rate. UV exposure remains the dominant factor, immunosuppression, environmental influences, and genetic susceptibility also play important roles in amplifying the impact of UV on the skin. Different signaling pathways are involved in BCC pathogenesis which leads to tumor formation and cell proliferation. Targeting these pathways could lead to new diagnostic tools and treatment therapies. Clinically, there are different subtypes of BCC with unique features, morphologies, and characteristics. After early detection through visual inspection, Dermascopy, biopsy, and confocal microscopy techniques are used to diagnose BCC. Available treatment options include surgical excision. Cryosurgery, Mohs micrographic surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy, curettage and electrodessication therapy, and targeted molecular therapies.

There is compelling evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation regulates a network of intracellular signals that may have negative consequences, such as cellular damage and aberrant physiological processes. Commonly, the term “oxidative stress” relates to a shift in redox status, for instance, an instability in the proportions of antioxidant enzymes. A thorough literature review was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on oxidative stress, leukemia biology, and ROS-targeted therapies. Data from studies published from 2006 to 2026 were prioritized, and important landmark studies were included for scientific context. Acute and chronic leukemogenesis, among other hematological cancers, have been linked to oxidative stress. High rates of hematopoietic blast cell proliferation and aberrant differentiation are characteristic of leukemogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia. Hyperleukocytosis, medullary illness, and aberrant thrombosis are all linked to this aberrant expansion and differentiation of blast cells. It is necessary to examine the molecular pathways underlying the onset, progression, and evolution of leukemogenesis driven by oxidative stress. Therefore, a thorough understanding of ROS production in leukemia can open new avenues for efficient therapeutic interventions, such as chemical, radiation, immunological, and targeted therapies targeting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. These diverse potential treatments aim to prevent leukemia recurrence and progression by targeting signal transduction pathways. This article discusses current research on the putative role in leukemia etiology, prospective treatments, and clinical trials that specifically target redox status in cancer.