This work proposes a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber-based edible oil sensor in the terahertz (THz) range (e.g., 1.0THz ≤ f ≤ 3.0THz) and different sensing characteristics are numerically analyzed. The suggested sensor’s performance was assessed by means of COMSOL Multiphysics, a commercial program that uses the finite element approach. The computational results indicate that the relative sensitivity is 85.591%, 84.648%, 82.625%, 82.683%, and 79.161%, respectively, at f = 2.2 THz, for several types of sunflower oil, mustard oil, coconut oil, olive oil and palm oil; and the corresponding effective areas are 7.22×10-8 um2, 7.09×10-8 um2, 6.83×10-8 um2,7.09×10-8 um2, 6.5231 ×10-8 um2. In addition, the effective material loss for sunflower oil, muster oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and palm oil has been found to be 0.02561 cm-1, 0.027054 cm-1, 0.030322 cm-1, 0.028854 cm-1 ,0.035427cm-1 respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor also has low confinement loss are 1.55×10-8 dB/m, 1.63×10-8 dB/m, 1.31×10-8 dB/m, 1.99×10-8 dB/m, 4.0345×10-8 dB/m.This proposed sensor can be fabricated using extrusion and 3D-printing technologies, and due to its augmented detecting capabilities, it can be a vital part of oil sensing devices implemented in real life such as industry fields.

In this work, we explore a wheel-shaped hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF)-based optical alcohol sensor that operates in the terahertz (THz) region. We employ the finite element method (FEM) along with COMSOL Multiphysics software to simulate the structure and perform a numerical analysis of the model. In this configuration, alcohol analytes are integrated into the fiber's core. The results from the FEM simulation indicate that the proposed optical HC-PCF sensor achieves high sensitivity levels of 97.61\% for ethanol, 98.80\% for butanol, and 98.53\% for propanol, all at a frequency of 2.1 THz. The measured low confinement losses at 2.1 THz are $8.0696\times10^{-8}~\text{dB/m}$, $7.1966\times10^{-11}~\text{dB/m}$ and $3.6334\times10^{-10}~\text{dB/m}.$ Furthermore, the effective areas are $7.5911~\times~10^{-8}~\text{m}^2$, $7.8258\times10^{-8}~\text{m}^2$, and $8.0847\times10^{-8}~\text{m}^2$ for three types of alcohol. Additionally, we discuss the concepts of effective material loss, effective mode index, and total power fraction. Existing technologies can facilitate the fabrication of this proposed sensor. Moreover, we anticipate that the application of our fabricated sensor will extend to biomedicine, biosensing experiments, industrial applications, material research, healthcare, alcohol detection in drinks and liquids, and other THz communication technologies based on waveguides.