Pseudo invariant calibration sites (PICS) have been extensively used for the radiometric calibration and temporal stability monitoring of optical satellite sensors. Due to limited knowledge about the radiometric stability of North Africa, only a limited number of sites in the region are used for this purpose. This work presents an automated approach to classify North Africa for its potential use as an extended PICS (EPICS) covering vast portions of the continent. An unsupervised classification algorithm identified 19 “clusters” representing distinct land surface types was used; three clusters were identified with spatial uncertainties within approximately 5% in the shorter wavelength bands and 3% in the longer wavelength bands. A key advantage of the cluster approach is that large numbers of pixels are aggregated into contiguous homogeneous regions sufficiently distributed across the continent to allow multiple imaging opportunities per day, as opposed to imaging a typical PICS once during the sensor’s revisit period. This potential increase in temporal resolution could result in increased sensitivity for the quicker identification of changes in sensor response.

The DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) is the first hyperspectral imaging spectrometer installed in the Multi-User System for Earth Sensing (MUSES) on the International Space Station (ISS) for acquiring routine science grade images from orbit. It was launched on 29 June 2018 and integrated into MUSES. DESIS measures energy in the spectral range of 400 to 1000 nm with high spatial and spectral resolution: 30 m and 2.55 nm, respectively. DESIS data should be sufficiently quantitative and accurate to use it for different applications and research. This work performs a radiometric evaluation of DESIS Level 1 product (Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance) by comparing it with coincident Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet) measurements at Railroad Valley Playa (RVUS), Gobabeb (GONA), and La Crau (LCFR). RVUS, GONA, and LCFR offer 4, 15, and 5 coincident datasets between DESIS and RadCalNet measurements, respectively. The results show an agreement between DESIS and RadCalNet TOA reflectance within ~5% for most spectral regions. However, there is an additional ~5% disagreement across the wavelengths affected by water vapor absorption and atmospheric scattering. Among the three RadCalNet sites, RVUS and GONA show a similar measurement disagreement with DESIS of ~5%, while LCFR differs by ~10%. Agreement between DESIS and RadCalNet measurements is variable across all three sites, likely due to surface type differences. DESIS and RadCalNet agreement show a precision of ~2.5%, 4%, and 7% at RVUS, GONA, and LCFR, respectively. RVUS and GONA, which have a similar surface type, sand, have a similar level of radiometric accuracy and precision, whereas LCFR, which consists of sparse vegetation, has lower accuracy and precision. The observed precision of DESIS Level 1 products from all the sites, especially LCFR, can be improved with a better Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function (BRDF) characterization of the RadCalNet sites.

Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) have been increasingly used as an independent data source for on-orbit radiometric calibration and stability monitoring of optical satellite sensors. Generally, this would be a small region of land that is extremely stable in time and space, predominantly found in North Africa. Use of these small regions, referred to as traditional PICS, can be limited by: (i) the spatial extent of an individual Region of Interest (ROI) and/or site; (ii) and the frequency of how often the site can be acquired, based on orbital patterns and cloud cover at the site, both impacting the time required to construct a richly populated temporal dataset. This paper uses a new class of continental scaled PICS clusters (also known as Extended PICS or EPICS), to demonstrate their capability in increasing temporal frequency of the calibration time series which ultimately allows calibration and stability assessment at a much finer scale compared to the traditional PICS-based method while also reducing any single location’s potential impact to the overall assessment. The use of EPICS as a calibration site was evaluated using data from Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Sentinel-2A&B Multispectral Instrument (MSI) images at their full spatial resolutions. Initial analysis suggests that EPICS, at its full potential and with nominal cloud consideration, can significantly decrease the temporal revisit interval of moderate resolution sensors to as much as of 0.33 day (3 collects/day). A traditional PICS is expected to have a temporal uncertainty (defined as the ratio of temporal standard deviation and temporal mean) of 2–5% for TOA reflectance. Over the same time period EPICS produced a temporal uncertainty of 3%. But the advantage to be leveraged is the ability to detect sensor change quicker due to the denser dataset and reduce the impact of any potential ‘local’ changes. Moreover, this approach can be extended to any on-orbit sensor. An initial attempt to quantify the minimum detectable change (a threshold slope value which must be exceeded by the reflectance trend to be considered statistically significant) suggests that the use of EPICS can decrease the time period up to approximately half of that found using traditional PICS-based approach.

An increasing number of Earth-observing satellite sensors are being launched to meet the insatiable demand for timely and accurate data to aid the understanding of the Earth’s complex systems and to monitor significant changes to them. To make full use of the data from these sensors, it is mandatory to bring them to a common radiometric scale through a cross-calibration approach. Commonly, cross-calibration data were acquired from selected pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS), located primarily throughout the Saharan desert in North Africa, determined to be temporally, spatially, and spectrally stable. The major limitation to this approach is that long periods of time are required to assemble sufficiently sampled cloud-free cross-calibration datasets. Recently, Shrestha et al. identified extended, cluster-based sites potentially suitable for PICS-based cross-calibration and estimated representative hyperspectral profiles for them. This work investigates the performance of extended pseudo-invariant calibration sites (EPICS) in cross-calibration for one of Shrestha’s clusters, Cluster 13, by comparing its results to those obtained from a traditional PICS-based cross-calibration. The use of EPICS clusters can significantly increase the number of cross-calibration opportunities within a much shorter time period. The cross-calibration gain ratio estimated using a cluster-based approach had a similar accuracy to the cross-calibration gain derived from region of interest (ROI)-based approaches. The cluster-based cross-calibration gain ratio is consistent within approximately 2% of the ROI-based cross-calibration gain ratio for all bands except for the coastal and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) 2 bands. These results show that image data from any region within Cluster 13 can be used for sensor cross-calibration.

Reference of Earth-observing satellite sensor data to a common, consistent radiometric scale is an increasingly critical issue as more of these sensors are launched; such consistency can be achieved through radiometric cross-calibration of the sensors. A common cross-calibration approach uses a small set of regions of interest (ROIs) in established Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) mainly located throughout North Africa. The number of available cloud-free coincident scene pairs available for these regions limits the usefulness of this approach; furthermore, the temporal stability of most regions throughout North Africa is not known, and limited hyperspectral information exists for these regions. As a result, it takes more time to construct an appropriate cross-calibration dataset. In a previous work, Shrestha et al. presented an analysis identifying 19 distinct “clusters” of spectrally similar surface cover that are widely distributed across North Africa, with the potential to provide near-daily cloud-free imaging for most sensors. This paper proposes a technique to generate a representative hyperspectral profile for these clusters. The technique was used to generate the profile for the cluster containing the largest number of aggregated pixels. The resulting profile was found to have temporal uncertainties within 5% across all the spectral regions. Overall, this technique shows great potential for generation of representative hyperspectral profiles for any North African cluster, which could allow the use of the entire North Africa Saharan region as an extended PICS (EPICS) dataset for sensor cross-calibration. This should result in the increased temporal resolution of cross-calibration datasets and should help to achieve a cross-calibration quality similar to that of individual PICS in a significantly shorter time interval. It also facilitates the development of an EPICS based absolute calibration model, which can improve the accuracy and consistency in simulating any sensor’s top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance.

During the launch and path to its final orbit, the Landsat 9 satellite performed a once in a mission lifetime maneuver as it passed beneath Landsat 8, resulting in near coincident data collection. This maneuver provided ground validation teams from across the globe the opportunity of collecting surface in situ data to compare directly to Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 data. Ground validation teams identified surface targets that would yield reflectance and/or thermal values that could be used in Landsat Level 2 product validation and set out to collect at these locations using surface validation methodologies the teams developed. The values were collected from each team and compared directly with each other across each of the different bands of both Landsat 8 and 9. The results proved consistency across the Landsat 8 and 9 platforms and also agreed well in surface reflectance underestimation of the Coastal Aerosol, Blue, and SWIR2 bands.