Recent years have witnessed increased attention towards vehicular communications as a part of an overall modernization trend towards the emergence of a reliable, less human-dependent, and more efficient Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) conjugated with the rapid growth of smart cities. ITS...

This study deals with the design and implementation of an Embedded Cooperative‐Hybrid Intrusion Detection System (ECHIDS) for a solar energy harvested Road Side Unit(RSU). In order to offer a high level of defense against the various attacks and to cope against the limited processing and energy resources of RSU, we suggest a cooperative IDS approach. In this approach, the RSUs do not depend only on their local view to make conclusions about the security status of their network, but also cooperate with their VANET server by exchanging security reports to create a more global and precise idea about the security situation of the whole network, the possible attacks and their origins. The other main contribution in this paper is the attempt to insert a Hybrid Intrusion Detection System functionality (combines all the three IDS techniques :signature based IDS, anomaly based IDS and behavioral based IDS) into the RSU itself. Each one of these IDSs has its own resistance strategy against certain classes of attacks which enhances RSUs’ immunity. The suggested IDS was prototyped using an experimental model based on the Ubicom IP2022 network processor development kit and different practical tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested solutions.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) research has spanned a wide variety of topics in recent years. This study deals with a subject rarely discussed in the literatures, the design procedure of a road side unit (RSU) armed with solar energy‐harvesting circuit and its power management module. Embedded UBICOM IP2022 platform was adopted to implement the intended RSU. A complete design steps of the electronic circuit were described and the necessary values of the system component, that is, solar cell panels, battery cells and the DC‐DC converter was tuned to suite the design goals. In order to decrease the power consumption of the suggested RSU and to extend the lifetime of the batteries, a power management module based on an artificial neural network and green scheduler was suggested. This scheduler is located in the control centre and composed of three algorithms in order of execution: the prediction, ON/OFF and evaluation algorithms. The adoption of the green scheduler reduces the power consumption of the nodes, which extends the battery life and decreases the number of the required battery cells.

This article proposes an efficient employment of a self-powered fog-based vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) infrastructure. Miscellaneous techniques and algorithms are suggested to help the realization of such framework. In the current work, we decided to enhance the network architecture of the traditional VANET by adopting the concept of self-powered fog computing concepts for better networking, computing, and storage performance. The green fog layer consists of three components: a self-powered edge server, wireless solar routers, and a new device resulted from the integration between a solar-powered smart camera and a solar-powered road side unit in order to create a better sensing mechanism of the road traffic. A proper power management strategy is suggested to be installed locally in the self-powered devices to decrease their power utilization and lengthen the lifetime of their batteries. On the system level, the design steps concentrate on building a sustainable, secured, reliable, and scalable communication infrastructure and this was done by adopting several approaches, such as VANET fog clustering, malicious nodes detection, and a combination of various security methods. The performance of the different methods and algorithms suggested in this article is evaluated using different simulation and experimental tools to discover their impact on enhancing the robustness of the fog-based Green VANET.

This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts aimed at enhancing Outcome-Based Education (OBE) assessment methodologies by addressing some critical gaps and exploring new solutions. Our work focuses on two main areas: firstly, this study proposes an improved assessment method for OBE. It refines traditional approaches by classifying course materials according to their relevance to learning outcomes, weighting them by importance, connecting these outcomes to student goals and assigning difficulty levels to modules. All modules are directly assessed through a final exam with a consistent rubric, and student success is measured by a holistic score that considers the weighted attainment levels across all learning outcomes and modules. Secondly, this paper provides theoretical guidance for integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies into OBE assessment. It examines the potential impact of these technologies at various assessment stages, laying the groundwork for practical implementation.

In this study the authors deal with different issues resulting from the practical implementation of a self‐powered road side unit (RSU). Here, the authors suggest that a RSU can harvest the energy needed for its work from the surrounding environment, especially the solar energy. Such a suggestion permits to install the RSUs in any place without considering the power supply availability and hence, extensive area is covered by the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) infrastructure. UBICOM IP2022 network processor is chosen to realise the proposed RSU. A comprehensive design steps are illustrated and the required values of the system elements, that is, the number of solar cell panels, the capacity of the battery cells, etc. are adjusted to fulfil the design purposes. In order to reduce the power utilisation of the recommended RSU and to lengthen the duration of their batteries, a new distributed power management scheme called event driven duty cycling was suggested and installed locally in the RSUs in order to decrease their power consumption and to extend the life time of their batteries. The suggested method was compared with other duty cycling methods and with other real world implementations to show its usefulness in building a green VANET infrastructure.