Based on the energy consumption data of the Changjiang River Administration of Navigation Affairs public building located in Wuhan, China, this paper analyzes the energy consumption characteristics of public buildings. Using the DesignBuilder energy simulation software (v7.0.0.096), various factors influencing building energy consumption are investigated. Furthermore, SPSS (v26.0.0.0) is employed to conduct correlation analyses between measured and simulated energy consumption data. The results indicate that the most significant factors affecting energy consumption are outdoor temperature, office equipment usage time, anticipated room temperature settings, boiler usage time, and per capita daily water consumption. By exploring the factors influencing energy consumption in public buildings, this study contributes novel insights into setting targets, adjusting schemes, and achieving energy-saving effects.