Identifying and studying genetic polymorphisms that determine the phenotype of elite athletes is a highly relevant task, as it forms the basis for developing so-called sports genetic passports. The aim of this manuscript was to analyze genetic markers for the development of athletic qualities (strength, power, speed, and endurance) through a selective systematic review of the literature. This review allowed to select SNPs that are responsible for individual athletic qualities based on the functions of their gene products, proposing an interpretation of sports markers for genetic passports. These markers can provide scientists in physical culture and sports medicine with the latest and most compelling evidence in the field of exercise genomics. A panel of 40 of the most popular genetic markers associated with athletic performance, responsible for strength, speed, and endurance, has been presented.