This study evaluates the propagation impact of three risk categories (hazard and exposure, socio-economic vulnerability, and lack of coping capacity) and their associated factors on vaccination uptake policy decisions in Pakistan. This study proposed Bayesian influence diagrams using expert elicitation and data-driven approaches. The Bayesian network (BN) approach uses the best policy algorithm to determine the expected utility of decisions. The study found that the government’s firm vaccine uptake decisions had a positive effect in Pakistan. The findings on hazard and exposure-related factors show that people living in rural areas were more susceptible to COVID-19 than people living in urban areas. Among socio-economic vulnerability factors, household characteristics were affected due to household economic situations, fear of using health facilities due to the spread of COVID-19, lack of public transportation services, food insecurity, a temporary halt in education, and weak governance, which affected the vaccination uptake decision. The factors linked with coping capacity show that the government’s financial assistance and development of digital platforms raised digital health literacy and increased vaccine uptake decision utility. The proposed methodology and results of this study can be used to develop contingency planning for any future potential pandemic situations.

Pipelines in the oil and gas industry have been used as one of the most practical and inexpensive methods for large-scale oil and gas transportation. In harsh operating conditions, these pipelines are susceptible to failure, which causes leakage of oil and gas and a significant impact on the environment and economy. Therefore, operational failure risk in oil and gas pipelines is paramount. This paper proposes a model to study the risk assessment of natural gas release in onshore gas pipelines in Vietnam. The methodology analyzes the causes of the failure of the gas pipeline by integrating Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and fuzzy theory. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the level of uncertainty. The study identifies 21 risk factors that lead to the failure of the pipelines. The results of a case study on two pipelines in Vietnam reveal that the risk of pipeline failure due to rupture is higher than the failure risk due to puncture. Results also show that corrosion has lower chances of pipeline failure. However, it carries catastrophic consequences.