Epipactis flava Seidenf. is an endangered Thai rheophytic orchid that has recently shown a rapid decrease in its natural habitat, prompting an urgent need for conservation using ex situ reintroduction methods. Temporary immersion system (TIS) has been successfully applied for large-scale propagation in various plants species. Propagation efficiency of E. flava using TIS was investigated and compared with conventional semi-solid system (SSS) and liquid continuous immersion system (CIS). The highest percentage of new shoot and shoot bud formation was obtained from TIS, followed by CIS and SSS, respectively. Growth parameters as indicated by number of new shoots, shoot buds, shoot height and leaves per explant were significantly higher using TIS than with SSS and CIS. Moreover, the maximum number of new shoots and shoot buds per replication were reliably obtained from TIS higher than SSS and CIS. After acclimatization, the highest survival percentage of plantlets was observed in TIS (76.7%), with 60% surviving after eight weeks of transplantation in artificial stream. TIS was determined as the most suitable culture system for in vitro mass propagation of E. flava compared to CIS and SSS.

Bacopa monnieri is a medicinal herb that is increasing in demand in Thailand. However, the lack of high-bacoside cultivars has limited pharmaceutical utilization and production. Here, chromosome doubling in B. monnieri was attempt to improve biomass and bacoside content in its seedling. Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.5% w/v) for 24 or 48 h before transferring to multiple shoot induction medium (1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L⁻¹ BAP). Of 326 tested clones, 18 and 84 were mixoploids and autotetraploids, respectively. The highest autotetraploid-induction percentage (14.6%) was found after treated with 0.5% (w/v) colchicine, and 48 hours exposure. From 28 selected autotetraploid clones, 21 and 13 have significantly higher fresh and dry weight compared to the diploid clone, respectively. The maximum fresh and dry weight of autotetraploid plants was 2.8 and 2.0-time higher than diploid plants, respectively. Moreover, the maximum total bacoside content (1.55 mg plant⁻¹) was obtained from an autotetraploid plant, which was 2.3-fold higher than the level in diploid plants. These novel autotetraploids have the potential to be developed as resources for value-added improvements in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.) is extensively used as a nutritional supplement in various commercial products as the plant contains abundant phytochemicals and has antioxidant properties. This study assessed the phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and DNA damage protection among seven Brahmi products sold through Thai online markets. Results showed that the P6 sample exhibited 3.5–7.5 fold higher bacoside contents than values observed in the other six product samples. The P6 sample also demonstrated the highest TTC, TFC, and TPC compared to the other brands. For antioxidant activity, the samples (P1–P7) displayed high capacity to scavenge DPPH free radicals with slightly significant differences ranging from 78.37 ± 0.25 to 87.21 ± 0.05 at p-value ≤0.01. The P6 sample showed strong protection against H₂O₂-induced oxidation of DNA strand breakage, indicating highly potent phytochemical compounds with effective free radical scavenging activity, and the ability to prevent DNA damage. The P6 sample showed promise as a valuable ingredient for the development of functional food products. However, further in vivo animal and clinical studies are required to explore the neuroprotective enhancement effects of Brahmi extracts.