The objective of this study is to investigate the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of spontaneous brain activities in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. In total, 20 PD patients and 20 matched normal controls (NCs) participants were recruited for this study. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 3T MRI system was used to investigate local brain activity. We examined activity in two frequency bands, slow‐4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) and slow‐5 (0.010-0.027 Hz). Two-sample t-tests were used to determine the between-group differences in the ReHo data. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between the ReHo values and clinical indices in PD patients. Compared with NCs, PD patients showed decreased ReHo values in the right middle occipital gyrus, right cuneus, and left superior occipital gyrus, and increased ReHo values in the right middle frontal gyrus in slow‐4. PD patients showed decreased ReHo values in the right calcarine, left calcarine, and right precentral gyrus compared with NCs in slow‐5. Correlation analysis showed that disease duration was negatively correlated with ReHo values in the right precentral gyrus in PD patients. These results indicate that several brain regions were altered in PD patients. The regions are associated with the visual network-related cortex, motor cortex, and default mode network. The findings provide new insights into the neuropathophysiology of PD.

Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is one of the most devastating types of ischaemic stroke and is identified by using computed tomography (CT) angiography. Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder involving multisystem connective tissue, and the neurological complications are relatively rare. In this article, we report a case of a young Marfan syndrome patient complicated with BAO ischaemic stroke. The patient was an 18-year-old man with right hemiparesis, aphasia and impaired consciousness. CT angiography of the brain showed an occlusion distal to the basilar artery. Endovascular therapy including intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) was administered to this patient inside the therapeutic window. The patient had a favourable clinical outcome after endovascular therapy. Marfan syndrome may be a rare cause of ischaemic stroke with BAO. In addition, our report provides some evidence that can be used as a reference when planning therapeutic strategies for BAO patients with Marfan syndrome.

Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems. Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare condition characterized by the development of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space. The coexistence of SLE and RPF is extremely uncommon, and this report aims to enhance understanding of this complex relationship. Patient concerns: A 32-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset syncope. Her medical history revealed a 5-year history of SLE, and imaging studies identified a retroperitoneal mass. Diagnoses: A comprehensive diagnostic workup, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy, confirmed retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to SLE. Interventions: The patient was treated with high-dose corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy, and the biologic agent rituximab. Outcomes: The patient’s symptoms markedly improved, and follow-up MRI demonstrated significant regression of the retroperitoneal lesion. Lessons: RPF associated with SLE is exceptionally rare. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and a coordinated multidisciplinary approach in managing such complex conditions. Glucocorticoid therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment, augmented by immunosuppressants and biologic agents when necessary.

Objective: To investigate neural mechanisms associated with improvements in core symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following a virtual reality (VR) intervention, using resting‐state fMRI (rs‐fMRI) with the percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) and standardized clinical behavioral assessments. Methods: Fifteen children with ADHD and fourteen age‐ and sex‐matched typically developing children were enrolled. A pre‐post intervention design was applied. Children with ADHD completed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating scale‐fourth edition (SNAP‐IV), the matching familiar figures test (MFFT), and rs‐fMRI scans before and after the VR intervention. Healthy controls underwent identical assessments at baseline. Voxel‐wise analyses were conducted, and correlation analyses were conducted between changes in PerAF values and behavioral measures. Results: Following the VR intervention, children with ADHD showed significant reductions in SNAP‐IV scores for inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and oppositional defiant behaviors, as well as fewer MFFT errors (P < 0.05). Compared with baseline, decreased PerAF values were observed in the right middle frontal gyrus, whereas increased PerAF values were found in the left paracentral lobule (PCL). Relative to healthy controls, the ADHD group exhibited elevated PerAF values in the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) after the intervention, which were positively correlated with oppositional defiant symptoms (r = 0.610). Conclusion: The VR intervention may ameliorate hyperactivity‐impulsivity and behavioral problems in children with ADHD by modulating neural activity in brain regions associated with cognitive control (right MFG) and sensorimotor integration (left PCL). However, its regulatory effects on core attentional deficits and temporo‐limbic circuits (left ITG) appear to be relatively limited. These findings provide preliminary neuroimaging evidence supporting the potential of VR as an adjunctive intervention for ADHD.