Furan, a five-membered aromatic heterocycle, has emerged as a core structural component in numerous pharmacologically active compounds. This review focuses on the biological activities associated with the furan ring and its derivatives, emphasizing its importance in modern drug discovery and development. Drawing upon recent scientific literature, this article highlights the role of the furan moiety in contributing to diverse therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities. The presence of the furan ring often enhances binding affinity, selectivity, and overall pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates. The goal of this review is to consolidate current research findings to better understand the pharmacological significance of the furan scaffold and to provide insights for medicinal chemists aiming to design novel furan-based therapeutics with improved efficacy and safety.

Background: Metformin is a drug used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, especially those who suffer from obesity. It is also used in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This disease is related to insulin resistance and multiplied blood sugar ranges. Furthermore, it has been established that the use of metformin improves the menstrual cycles and ovulation rates of these women. Methods: A structured questionnaire was conducted to determine the prevalence of breast cancer among women using metformin in the Ha’il region. Result: The incidence of breast cancer among women using metformin in the Ha’il region is very low. Thus, it can be said that breast cancer cases declined among diabetics taking metformin. This means that metformin use is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes, even in cases where these women have a family history of breast cancer. Conclusions: According to previous findings, metformin has been linked to lower breast cancer risk in women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the findings of this study corroborate the literature on this subject by indicating that there is a substantial connection between metformin use and a lower risk of breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are crucial to investigate the protective effect of metformin against breast cancer and to confirm our findings.

Obesity is a metabolic disorder distinguished by excess fat deposition in fatty tissues. Pancreatic lipase is one of the promising drug targets for treating obesity due to its critical role in the hydrolysis of triglycerides into mono-glycerides and free fatty acids. Due to unsatisfactory results and severe side effects of the current drugs available for treating obesity, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic options. Boerhaavia diffusa is one of the widely known species of flowering plant commonly known as Punamava. Extracts from Punamava plants have been widely used in treating countless ailments in traditional medicine. Recently, multiple reports demonstrated the potential antiobesity activity of B. diffusa plant extracts. In this scenario, we have evaluated numerous reported B. diffusa against pancreatic lipase drug targets to identify which reported phytochemicals to have the most promising potential to act as an inhibitor for pancreatic lipase using computational approaches. All the twenty-four phytochemicals from Boerhaavia diffusa were identified as significantly strong binders with a range of binding energies between -6.0 to -8.0 Kcal/mol inside the pancreatic lipase active binding site. On the other hand, we calculated 2D Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) molecular descriptor properties adhered to Lipinskis rule of five. Between twenty-four phytochemicals evaluated, Boeravinone-C, with a range binding energy of -8.0 Kcal/mol, was discovered as the best lead-like molecule, compared to marketed Orlistat, which has shown -5.6 Kcal/mol of binding energy. Conclusively, Boeravinone-C from B. diffusa extract showed promising inhibitory potential against pancreatic lipase worth further evaluation.

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that may contribute to severe morbidity, mortality, and disability. Community Pharmacists are essential to optimizing drug use and enhancing patient outcomes-this study aims to assess community pharmacist knowledge and services currently provided to diabetic patients. Method: A cross-sectional study was done in the Ha’il region by a structured questionnaire including a demographic profile of the participant with the variables (gender, age, nationality, education, and experience) as well as supporting characteristics, evaluation of diabetes care services, (MCQ) Multiple Choice Questions of pharmacists’ diabetes-related knowledge and perceived barriers for providing diabetic care services. The data analysis is completed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and with the endnote program for reference citation. Results: The majority of pharmacists working in community pharmacies in the Ha’il region were Males (82.9%), Young (24years-34years) 68.5%, Non-Saudi (70.5%), about (64%-65%) of pharmacists delivered pharmaceutical care services to diabetic patients; always provide counseling for smoking cessation, drug administration, glucose monitoring, and diabetes complications. The majority of community pharmacists (61%) have moderate diabetes-related knowledge and have various counseling barriers like limited knowledge about diabetes counseling and lack of time. Conclusion: Ha’il region community pharmacists have a moderate understanding of diabetes counseling, so they need further training and workshops about diabetes counseling.

Background: Metformin is a drug used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes, especially those who suffer from obesity. It is also used in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This disease has been shown to be related to insulin resistance and multiplied blood sugar ranges. Further, it has been found that the use of metformin improves the menstrual cycles and ovulation rates of these women. Methods: A structured questionnaire will be conducted to determine the prevalence of breast cancer among women using metformin in the Ha’il region. Result: Incidence of breast cancer among women using metformin in the Ha’il region is very low. Conclusions: According to previous findings, metformin has been linked to lower breast cancer risk in women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the findings of this study have corroborated the literature for the same by indicating that there is a substantial connection between metformin use and a lower risk of breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae , remains a significant public health concern in certain endemic regions, but it is rarely encountered in nonendemic areas, posing diagnostic challenges. This case report discusses an unusual presentation of lepromatous leprosy in a patient residing in Saudi Arabia with no history of travel to endemic regions. The patient’s clinical features were atypical, lacking the classic neurological involvement and sensation loss commonly associated with leprosy. Definitive diagnosis was achieved through histopathological examination revealing diffuse histiocytic infiltrates, a grenz zone, and acid‐fast bacilli confirmed by modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining. The patient responded well to multidrug therapy according to WHO guidelines. This case highlights the importance of maintaining high clinical suspicion, utilizing appropriate diagnostic techniques, and understanding the epidemiological complexities of leprosy in low‐prevalence settings. Strengthening awareness and surveillance is essential to prevent underdiagnosis and curb transmission in nonendemic regions.