This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of integrating Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) in wireless communication systems. IRS is known as reconfigurable metasurfaces, have emerged as a transformative technology to enhance wireless communication performance by manipulating the propagation environment. This work delves into the fundamental concepts of MIMO and IRS technologies, exploring their benefits and applications. It subsequently investigates the synergies of resource allocation and energy efficiency that emerge when these technologies are combined, elucidating the IRS improved in MIMO systems through signal manipulation and beamforming. Through an in-depth analysis of various techniques and cutting-edge algorithms in resource allocation and energy efficiency can explore the key research areas such as optimization techniques, beamforming strategies and practical implementation consideration. Furthermore, it provides open research directions, individually addressing topics such as limitations of resource allocation and energy efficiency in the MIMO IRS system. This paper offers insights into MIMO-enabled IRS systems challenges and future trends. Through presenting a consolidated view of the current state-of-the-art, this survey underscores their potential to revolutionize wireless communication paradigms, ushering in an era of enhanced connectivity, spectral efficiency and improved coverage.

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of an excitable membrane of a biological system by proposing a novel approach that the cells of the excitable membrane can be modeled as the networks of memristors. We provide compelling evidence from the Chay neuron model that the state-independent mixed ion channel is a nonlinear resistor, while the state-dependent voltage-sensitive potassium ion channel and calcium-sensitive potassium ion channel function as generic memristors from the perspective of electrical circuit theory. The mechanisms that give rise to periodic oscillation, aperiodic (chaotic) oscillation, spikes, and bursting in an excitable cell are also analyzed via a small-signal model, a pole-zero diagram of admittance functions, local activity, the edge of chaos, and the Hopf bifurcation theorem. It is also proved that the zeros of the admittance functions are equivalent to the eigen values of the Jacobian matrix, and the presence of the positive real parts of the eigen values between the two bifurcation points lead to the generation of complicated electrical signals in an excitable membrane. The innovative concepts outlined in this paper pave the way for a deeper understanding of the dynamic behavior of excitable cells, offering potent tools for simulating and exploring the fundamental characteristics of biological neurons.

This paper investigates the essential role of local activity theorem in pancreatic $\beta$ -cells in the process of insulin secretion. It is shown that the ion channels in $\beta$ -cells distributed over the pancreas are in fact generic memristors from the perspective of electrical circuit theory. Through our comprehensive analyses and extensive simulations from the Chay-Keizer Pancreatic $\beta$ -model, Phantom Bursting Model (PBM)-I and PBM-II, this paper rigorously provides an ambient proof that the secretion and release of the insulin in the form of bursting or action potential are possible only when it satisfies the condition of local activity theorem. The local activity principle is analyzed by the small signal admittance function, pole zero diagram, and edge of chaos theorem. It is shown that the external stimulus or cell parameters chosen within the subset of the locally domain regime where the negative real part of the admittance function and the positive real part of the zeros (equivalent to the Eigen values) lead to the generation of complicated electrical signals in pancreatic $\beta$ -cells. The examples presented in this paper demonstrate the local activity theorem is a novel and efficient tool for testing whether the secretion of insulin by pancreatic $\beta$ -cells are possible or not. It follows from our in-depth analysis that the local activity is essential for the synthesis, secretion, and release of insulin by pancreatic $\beta$ -cells. This principle serves as a critical condition, highlighting the intrinsic role of cellular dynamics in insulin regulation and emphasizing its significance in understanding pancreatic function and metabolic health.

This paper presents a unified theoretical framework to investigate the performance of an integrated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-backscatter communication (BackComm) system for internet of things (IoT) sensor network applications. In this system, UAV can work as a carrier emitter and data collector to/from a group of passive sensor nodes, whose operation is based on the principle of backscattering technology. Exact and asymptotic mathematical equations are obtained to describe the system performance, such as outage probability , effective capacity, and average BER over a correlated Nakagami-m fading channel, assuming that forward and backscatter links are correlated. In addition, an optimal data collection location for the UAV is also explored by decreasing the euclidean distance between the UAV and the sensor nodes. The numerically simulated results show that the impact of channel correlation degrades the system performance significantly, which can be improved when the fading parameter m increases. Besides, by carefully selecting the position of the UAV, we can further enhance the overall system performance.