Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs) have been extensively studied in recent years. Their attractiveness is due to the ease of obtaining clinical material (fat tissue, lipoaspirate) and the relatively large number of AD-MSCs present in adipose tissue. In addition, AD-MSCs possess a high regenerative potential and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, AD-MSCs have great potential in stem cell-based therapies in wound healing as well as in orthopedic, cardiovascular, or autoimmune diseases. There are many ongoing clinical trials on AD-MSC and in many cases their effectiveness has been proven. In this article, we present current knowledge about AD-MSCs based on our experience and other authors. We also demonstrate the application of AD-MSCs in selected pre-clinical models and clinical studies. Adipose-derived stromal cells can also be the pillar of the next generation of stem cells that will be chemically or genetically modified. Despite much research on these cells, there are still important and interesting areas to explore.

Non-healing wounds and skin losses constitute significant challenges for modern medicine and pharmacology. Conventional methods of wound treatment are effective in basic healthcare; however, they are insufficient in managing chronic wound and large skin defects, so novel, alternative methods of therapy are sought. Among the potentially innovative procedures, the use of skin substitutes may be a promising therapeutic method. Skin substitutes are a heterogeneous group of materials that are used to heal and close wounds and temporarily or permanently fulfill the functions of the skin. Classification can be based on the structure or type (biological and synthetic). Simple constructs (class I) have been widely researched over the years, and can be used in burns and ulcers. More complex substitutes (class II and III) are still studied, but these may be utilized in patients with deep skin defects. In addition, 3D bioprinting is a rapidly developing method used to create advanced skin constructs and their appendages. The aforementioned therapies represent an opportunity for treating patients with diabetic foot ulcers or deep skin burns. Despite these significant developments, further clinical trials are needed to allow the use skin substitutes in the personalized treatment of chronic wounds.

The biology of three amelanotic melanoma cell lines (Ab, B16F10, and A375) of different species origin was analyzed during in vitro induced melanization in these cells. Melanin production was induced by DMEM medium characterized by a high level of L-tyrosine (a basic amino acid for melanogenesis). The biodiversity of amelanotic melanoma cells was confirmed by their different responses to melanogenesis induction; Ab hamster melanomas underwent intensive melanization, mouse B16F10 darkened slightly, while human A375 cells did not show any change in melanin content. Highly melanized Ab cells entered a cell death pathway, while slight melanization did not influence cell biology in a significant way. The rapid and high melanization of Ab cells induced apoptosis documented by phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, and mitochondrial energetic state decrease. Melanoma cell type, culture medium, and time of incubation should be taken into consideration during amelanotic melanoma cell culture in vitro. L-tyrosine, as a concentration-dependent factor presented in the culture media, could stimulate some amelanotic melanoma cell lines (Ab, B16F10) to melanin production. The presence of melanin should be considered in the examination of antimelanoma compounds in vitro, because induction of melanin may interfere or be helpful in the treatment of amelanotic melanoma.

The natural healing process of cartilage injuries often fails to fully restore the tissue's biological and mechanical functions. Cartilage grafts are costly and require surgical intervention, often associated with complications such as intraoperative infection and rejection by the recipient due to ischemia. Novel tissue engineering technologies aim to ideally fill the cartilage defect to prevent disease progression or regenerate damaged tissue. Despite many studies on designing biocompatible composites to stimulate chondrogenesis, only few focus on peptides and carriers that promote stem cell proliferation or differentiation to promote healing. Our research aimed to design a carbohydrate chitosan-based biomaterial to stimulate stem cells into the chondrogenesis pathway. Our strategy was to combine chitosan with a novel peptide (UG28) that sequence was based on the copin protein. The construct stimulated human adipose-derived stem cells (AD-SCs) cells to undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Chitosan 75/500 allows AD-SCs to grow and has no harmful effects on the cells. The combination of UG28 peptide with the chitosan composite offers promising properties for cell differentiation, indicating its potential for clinical applications in cartilage regeneration.

Background and purpose. Efficient endothelial regeneration is fundamental to microcirculatory restoration and hard tissue repair. CPNE7 family peptides have previously been shown to regulate osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, however, their involvement in vascular reconstruction has not been explored. Experimental approach. In this study, we investigated the effect of two peptides derived from CPNE7, CDP4 and UG28, on human endothelial cells in vitro , evaluating their influence on proliferation, migration, chemotaxis, capillary-like structure formation, and secretion of growth factors and cytokines. Key results. UG28 demonstrated the strongest pro-angiogenic activity, enhancing EC proliferation, directional migration, and pseudocapillary network formation, while CDP4 also promoted migration and early vascular organization; neither peptide showed cytotoxicity nor induced immune activation, and both were compatible with chitosan matrices. Conclusion and implications. CPNE7-derived peptides—especially UG28—are potent and safe pro-angiogenic agents with high translational potential, and their compatibility with chitosan supports their applicability in next-generation regenerative therapies targeting endothelial and microvascular repair.

The Copine (CPNE) family comprises evolutionarily conserved, calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (CPNE1-CPNE9) that function as intracellular membrane adapters and signaling modulators. In response to intracellular Ca ²⁺ fluctuations, CPNE proteins translocate to the plasma membrane and recruit specific effector proteins, thereby integrating calcium dynamics with membrane remodeling, vesicular transport, and cell differentiation. While individual members display tissue-specific expression patterns-such as CPNE6 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and CPNE7 in mesenchymal cell differentiation during odontogenesis-recent translational focus has centered on CPNE-derived bioactive peptides. Short synthetic sequences derived from the CPNE7 C2B-vWA junction region, specifically Cpne7-DP and CDP4, replicate key pro-regenerative functions of full - length proteins without requiring cell - surface receptor binding. When functionalized into biomaterial matrices (such as collagen gels and chitosan hydrogels via modified sequences UG27 and UG28), these peptides stimulate dentin tubule regeneration, osteogenic lineage commitment, biomineralization, and chondrocyte extracellular matrix deposition and angiogenesis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on CPNE structural biology, intracellular membrane translocation mechanisms, physiological tissue development, and oncological diagnostic markers.