Objective: Boldine is a plant-derived bioactive compound that has a beneficial impact on human health. Boldine is an aporphine alkaloid mainly obtained from the leaves and bark of the Chilean Boldo tree ( Peumus boldus , Family: Monimiaceae). There are plenty of preclinical evidence supports that boldine exerts its beneficial effects against various diseases. Lumiskin™, a patented and marketed formulation by Revitol Skincare for skin brightening, contains Dicetyl boldine, a boldine derivative. Content: All the available information on the Chilean boldo tree ( P. boldus Molina) species was actualized by systematically searching the scientific databases (PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and others) and scientific literature. This article covers the recent advances in pharmacokinetic, toxicological, pharmacological/biological activities, and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive compound to understand health benefits of boldine better. Summary: Boldine exerts antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, anti-arthritis, anticancer and nootropic effects. Moreover, boldine exhibits its various pharmacological activities by altering antioxidant parameters (MDA, superoxide dismutase, glutathione), peroxynitrite, inflammatory markers apoptotic index, caspase-3, acetyl-cholinesterase, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), iNOS, Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), ACE-1(Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1), dopamine D2 receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Boldine has the potential to modulate a variety of biological networks. Outlook: Due to its versatile pharmacological effects reported in various experimental animals as well as in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of facial melasma and for treatment of urinary stone lithotripsy in children as a complementary phytotherapy; in the future, this compound might be developed as a novel drug for a different indication

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Emblica officinalis fruit ethanol extract.Methods: Emblica officinalis fruit extract was prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus at room temperature for 48 hours with 99% ethanol and 1% of double distilled water. GCMS was used to determine the phytoconstituent profile of an extract of Emblica officinalis fruit, and in-vitro assays were used to assess the biological activities.Results: Malic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, pidolic acid, L-glucose, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, heneicosane, and levoglucosenone were identified in the extract by GCMS analysis. Ethanol extract of Emblica officinalis fruit showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with EC50=13.68 g/ml and antibacterial activity with MIC=6.25µg/ml and MIC=12.5 µg/ml on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi respectively. Also, significant antifungal activity of the extract was observed with MIC=6.25µg/ml on Aspergillus niger.Conclusion: The extract showed excellent affinity to scavenge the free radicals and protection of protein denaturation, which indicates its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects respectively. These protective effects are possibly due to therapeutically active compounds available in Emblica officinalis fruit.

Mitochondria are important organelles for high energy synthesis, reactive oxygen species balancing, antiapoptotic molecule production, membrane stability, intracellular calcium buffering, neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. Dysfunction in mitochondria is considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of mental problems. It has been observed that several drug types used to treat brain illnesses can harm mitochondria by altering the oxidative phosphorylation system and the gene expression of mitochondria-related proteins. In some studies, it has been observed that mitochondrial biogenesis shows a therapeutic effect in the management of mitochondrial disorders. Many therapeutic compounds are effective in the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. The comorbidity of mental problems observed in those with mitochondrial dysfunction and the change in the efficacy of the cellular respiratory system have attracted researchers to understand the pathways and possible therapeutic strategies in neurological disorders. This article has attempted to understand the impact of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of brain disorders to develop potential therapeutic drugs.