Typhoons are extremely severe weather events which seriously threaten the safety of people’s lives and properties. Therefore, identifying and controlling typhoon disaster hazards have become important research topics. The spatial–temporal characteristics of typhoons are analysed using the typhoon disaster data in Macau from 2000 to 2020. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation is adopted to understand the 3D urban wind environment. Moreover, the ‘exposure, sensitivity and adaptation’ evaluation model is applied to construct the study framework. To calculate urban disaster vulnerability, the Create Fishnet tool is used to divide the city of Macau into 470 grids. The principal component analysis method is used to reveal the factors that significantly affect the typhoon’s vulnerable areas. Result shows that 31.27% of grids are severely vulnerable. In addition, six principal components are identified, including indicators such as population density, building area ratio, mean elevation and wind speed. This study verifies the feasibility of wind speed data obtained by CFD in the typhoon evaluation model. Moreover, it provides a reliable reference guide for future urban microlevel studies.

This paper analyses the National Education Policy 2020 (pages 1-32), the official policy document issued by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (India). This paper is written in light of five peda-gogical theories: a). Human Capital; b). Traditional Academic; c). Learner Centred; d). Social Efficiency; e). Social Reconstruction. By identifying the presence of the five theories in the policy and analysing the domi-nant ideologies of education across the whole text, the paper aims to explore the influence of pedagogical philosophies and the relevant factors on educational policy formation and upgrading in India. It discovers that although all five theories exist in the policy, Learner Centred theory is the most dominant. In addition, it also discusses political and socio-economic factors that impact the formation of the Indian educational policy.

The safety of “City Walk” routes in high-density historic districts is a critical constraint for sustainable urban tourism. This study establishes an integrated safety assessment framework for Macao’s eight walking routes by coupling tourism attractiveness with spatial carrying capacity. Utilizing social media big data, multi-source spatial datasets and Spatial Lag Models, we conceptualize “attractions” and “streets” as a continuous system. The results reveal a spatial mismatch: while entertainment and green streetscapes drive attractiveness, excessive amenities in narrow alleys reduce perceived safety. A “crowded core–empty periphery” capacity pattern creates significant risks, with approximately 39% of nodes classified as medium-to-high risk due to high attractiveness overloading low carrying capacity. By diagnosing these “high-attractiveness, low-capacity” conflicts, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-source data fusion in identifying resilience weaknesses, offering actionable insights for smart tourism management and the promotion of social sustainability in high-density destinations.