The aim of this study was to determine the optimal nanopore diameter of titanium nanostructured surfaces to improve human gingival fibroblast (hGF) response, with the purpose of promoting gingiva integration to dental implant abutments. Two TiO₂ nanoporous groups with different diameters (NP-S ~48 nm and NP-B ~74 nm) were grown on Ti foils using an organic electrolyte containing fluoride by electrochemical oxidation, varying the applied voltage and the interelectrode spacing. The surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle. The hGF were cultured onto the different surfaces, and metabolic activity, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and gene expression were analyzed. Bigger porous diameters (NP-B) were obtained by increasing the voltage used during anodization. To obtain the smallest diameter (NP-S), apart from lowering the voltage, a lower interelectrode spacing was needed. The greatest surface area and number of peaks was found for NP-B, despite these samples not being the roughest as defined by R_a. NP-B had a better cellular response compared to NP-S. However, these effects had a significant dependence on the cell donor. In conclusion, nanoporous groups with a diameter in the range of 74 nm induce a better hGF response, which may be beneficial for an effective soft tissue integration around the implant.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by an imbalance between bone formation and resorption due to declining estrogen levels, leading to progressive bone loss and increased fracture risk. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the sequential microimmunotherapy medicine 2LOSTEO‐N (MIM‐seq) in two rat models of OP. Treatment began either 3 weeks (early‐onset OP) or 15 weeks (established OP) after ovariectomy (OVX) and was administered orally for 9 weeks. The impact of MIM‐seq was assessed through (i) body composition analysis, (ii) plasma bone turnover markers—CTX‐I, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and RANKL—and (iii) bone quality by mechanical testing and micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) of trabecular bone morphology. In early‐onset OP, MIM‐seq improved vertebral strength, reduced CTX‐I levels, and increased the OPG/RANKL ratio, suggesting a decrease in bone resorption. In established OP, MIM‐seq also significantly reduced CTX‐I levels. However, micro‐CT analysis did not show significant changes in bone microarchitecture in either model. Overall, this study highlights the biological response to MIM‐seq in experimental OP, indicating a modulatory effect on bone turnover markers and mechanical strength in early disease stages. Although no significant microstructural improvements were detected, these findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of MIM‐seq in bone health management.