In the recent past, the formulation and development of nanocarriers has been elaborated into the broader fields and opened various avenues in their preclinical and clinical applications. In particular, the cellular membrane-based nanoformulations have been formulated to surpass and surmount the limitations and restrictions associated with naïve or free forms of therapeutic compounds and circumvent various physicochemical and immunological barriers including but not limited to systemic barriers, microenvironmental roadblocks, and other cellular or subcellular hinderances—which are quite heterogeneous throughout the diseases and patient cohorts. These limitations in drug delivery have been overcome through mesenchymal cells membrane-based precision therapeutics, where these interventions have led to the significant enhancements in therapeutic efficacies. However, the formulation and development of nanocarriers still focuses on optimization of drug delivery paradigms with a one-size-fits-all resolutions. As mesenchymal stem cell membrane-based nanocarriers have been engineered in highly diversified fashions, these are being optimized for delivering the drug payloads in more and better personalized modes, entering the arena of precision as well as personalized nanomedicine. In this Review, we have included some of the advanced nanocarriers which have been designed and been utilized in both the non-personalized as well as precision applicability which can be employed for the improvements in precision nanotherapeutics. In the present report, authors have focused on various other aspects of the advancements in stem cells membrane-based nanoparticle conceptions which can surmount several roadblocks and barriers in drug delivery and nanomedicine. It has been suggested that well-informed designing of these nanocarriers will lead to appreciable improvements in the therapeutic efficacy in therapeutic payload delivery applications. These approaches will also enable the tailored and customized designs of MSC-based nanocarriers for personalized therapeutic applications, and finally amending the patient outcomes.

Objective: To fabricate, optimize and evaluate, Lipid-based cationic nanoparticulate dispersed system to improve the bio-adhesion property for ophthalmic use. Methods: Lipid-based cationic nanoparticulate dispersed system was fabricated by melt emulsification ultrasonication method and Box-Behnken design was utilized for optimization of formulation through the Design-Expert® program. The concentration of stabilizer, liquid lipid and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) was selected as variables (factors) while particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) were selected as a response for optimization purpose. Characterization of particle properties was performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed to study chemical interaction among ingredients. Rhodamine B entrapped CNLC formulation was used to study the interaction of NLC and CNLC on a three-dimensional and two-dimensional ocular tissue model for cell uptake and penetration properties. Results: Cationic nanostructured lipid carrier system was successfully fabricated by melt emulsification ultrasonication method. Characterization of nanoparticulate system using PCS revealed particle size in the range of 113.1 to 274.2 nm, PDI in a range of 0.147 to 0.280, while zeta potential in the range of 7.2 to 49.8 mV. The validation of statistical design suggested that it was suitable for navigation of design space. TEM imaging confirmed the results of PCS characterization. FT-IR study suggested a minimal chemical interaction among ingredients in CNLC. Confocal laser microscopic imaging for the interaction of NLC and CNLC on a three-dimensional and two-dimensional ocular tissue model revealed good penetration and bio-adhesion properties. Conclusion: The fabricated Cationic nanostructured lipid carrier system was found to be the potential ophthalmic novel drug delivery system with good bio-adhesion and penetration properties.

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy originating from mammary epithelial cells and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with ∼2.3 million new cases and over 665,000-670,000 deaths annually. The disease is driven by complex molecular mechanisms, including hormone receptor signaling, genetic mutations (e.g., TP53, BRCA), and HER2 pathways. Advances in molecular classification have enabled the identification of distinct subtypes, including luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive (HER2+) subtype, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), each requiring tailored therapeutic strategies. A systematic literature review was conducted covering studies published between 2012 and 2025 using databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Taylor & Francis. Relevant studies on breast cancer biology, diagnostics, nanomedicine, and therapeutic strategies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure data relevance and quality. The review highlights significant progress in breast cancer management, particularly in early detection through imaging and biomarker screening, and in treatment through targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine approaches have demonstrated improved tumor targeting and potential reductions in systemic toxicity in preclinical and early clinical studies; however, most nanomedicine platforms remain under clinical evaluation. Challenges such as metastasis, disease recurrence, and therapeutic resistance remain major clinical challenges, particularly in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Although distant-stage TNBC has an approximately 15% 5-year relative survival rate, median overall survival in mTNBC has historically been reported at about 8-13 months and may extend to approximately 12-18 months in some contemporary cohorts. Recent advances, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have modestly improved outcomes. Despite substantial advancements, breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge due to its heterogeneity and resistance mechanisms. Integration of molecular profiling, precision medicine, and nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies offers promising avenues for improving diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and patient outcomes. Future research should focus on overcoming resistance, targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME), and enhancing personalized treatment approaches.