Gender is a critical social factor influencing how children view the world from very early childhood. Additionally, during the early elementary years, parents can have a significant influence on their child’s behaviors and dispositions in fields such as science. This study examined the influence of parent gender and child gender on 2nd- and 4th-grade children’s strategies for solving science problems with their parents, as well as their attitudes about science. The behaviors of 13 parent-child dyads as they solved hands-on science problems together in an informal setting were examined. A child interview and a parent questionnaire were used to elicit information about their attitudes toward life science compared to physical science. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the parent-child interactions revealed differences in the amount of encouragement offered to boys versus girls. Additionally, there were differences in questioning behaviors by parents as a function of parent gender and child gender. Furthermore, parental interest in various science topics differed along traditional gender roles, whereas boys and girls were interested in topics from both disciplines.

This study examines the impact of a culturally responsive, garden-based STEM program designed for Latina girls (grades 5–6) and their parents. The “Our Plot of Sunshine” project integrates Family Project-Based Learning with garden education to create meaningful STEM engagement opportunities. Drawing on the science capital, science identity, and community cultural wealth frameworks, the program leverages families’ cultural and linguistic resources while developing science knowledge and identity. Nineteen families from low socioeconomic schools participated in three pilot implementations across two Western U.S. cities. Using a mixed-methods approach with repeated measures over 19 weeks, the study tracked changes in participants’ science identity, interest, and career aspirations. Results showed significant increases in science identity and career aspirations, with effects maintained at three-month follow-up. While interest/enjoyment showed positive trends, changes were not statistically significant. Parent ratings of program elements were consistently higher than daughter ratings, though both groups reported strong engagement. The successful integration of bilingual instruction emerged as a particularly valued program component. These findings suggest that family-centered, culturally responsive garden education can effectively support Latina girls’ STEM identity development and future orientation, while highlighting the potential of leveraging family and cultural resources in STEM education.

Children’s early exposure and participation with science activities may help reduce underrepresentation issues that are often seen later in some disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors and occupations. To help understand these trends, this study investigated the repertoire of parental support during hands-on science activities with their children with regards to ethnicity (Latiné families of predominantly Mexican origin and non-Latiné, primarily White, families) and gender. It was informed by work that examines gender, race, and ethnicity differences in STEM participation. Participants were 153 girls and boys, aged 8 to 12 years, and their mothers and fathers in the Southwestern United States. Each parent–child dyad’s behaviors during hands-on science activities together were examined. After controlling for family annual income and parental level of education, there were several variations by ethnicity and gender in parents’ support of their children (e.g., help and encouragement), children’s exploration of the activities, children’s talkativeness, and the amount of time they engaged in the activities. Suggestions for expanding STEM education programs to be more inclusive of underrepresented communities are discussed.

This research study was conducted to pilot an out-of-school family science program for fifth- and sixth-grade Latina girls and their parents. Program goals included encouraging parents in supporting their Latina daughters in science, increasing the girls’ interest in science and increasing the families’ participation in science experiences together. The 41 families participated in a 7-week Saturday program on either rocketry or gardening. Each week, the parent–daughter dyads engaged in hands-on Family Problem-Based Learning activities together and then the parents and daughters met separately in Conversation Groups. To measure the impact of the program, surveys were administered to the parents and daughters separately at four points: pre-, mid-, post- and delayed-post (three months after the program). Parents reported increases over time for several aspects of their support for their daughters in science and also increases in frequency of science experiences with their daughters. The daughters reported increases over time in their science identity and their discussions with their parents about jobs in science. In addition, the examination of video-recordings of a subset of the parent–daughter interactions during the activities revealed that parental and daughter behaviors evolved over the course of the program. Implications for engaging parents in science education are discussed.

This study examines interactions of fourth graders and their parents during informal science activities to understand the parental influence on children’s science interests, attitudes, and participation. Sixteen Latino/a parent–child dyads and 16 Non-Latino/a parent–child dyads, matched on socioeconomic status (SES), participated in this qualitative study. Content analysis elucidated themes including parental intrusive support, aiming for deeper understanding, questioning by parents and children, language challenges, parent and child affect, and parent-dominated, child-dominated, or collaborative problem solving. Potential differences in cultural context and gender biases are explored and approaches to parental outreach and enrichment are discussed.

The goal of this study was to examine problem-solving processes of elementary-aged children (4th grade U.S., ages 9–10) and their parents as they applied themselves to hands-on science activities together, with the larger goal of studying how parents influence the development of children’s science inquiry skills. In this diverse group of families, which was approximately equally balanced in terms of ethnicity (Hispanic and non-Hispanic) and parent and child gender, the influence of parent language, dyad ethnicity, and dyad gender was examined while controlling for family socio-economic status. Four problem-solving processes were examined: writing a hypothesis, recording results, drawing/sketching the process, and writing an explanation of how or why a process worked. The study included 153 families in a metropolitan area in the southwestern U.S. (Phoenix, AZ), approximately balanced in terms of child and parent ethnicity and gender. Gender differences were not observed for any of the problem-solving processes. Differences in some problem-solving processes, especially for writing a hypothesis, were observed based on parent language and dyad ethnicity. Families employed the strategy of drawing/sketching out solutions with a similar level of detail, regardless of parent education, language, ethnicity, and gender. Thus, we propose the use of drawing/sketching in the elementary science classroom as a useful strategy for reaching a diverse audience of learners. Family socio-economic status (as measured by parent education and family income) was strongly associated with parent language and dyad ethnicity. Implications for these findings are discussed.