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Prof. Jan Willem Erisman
Louis Bolk Institute - LBI, Driebergen, Netherlands

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0 Agriculture
0 Effects
0 Nitrogen
0 Sustainable Energy
0 Transition

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Accepted manuscript
Published: 22 December 2020 in Environmental Research Letters
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Excess atmospheric ammonia (NH3) leads to deleterious effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, air quality and health, and it is therefore essential to monitor its budget and temporal evolution. Hyperspectral infrared satellite sounders provide daily NH3 observations at global scale for over a decade. Here we use the version 3 of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) NH3 dataset to derive global, regional and national trends from 2008 to 2018. We find a worldwide increase of 12.8 ± 1.3 % over this 11-year period, driven by large increases in east Asia (5.80 ± 0.61 % increase per year), western and central Africa (2.58 ± 0.23 %.yr−1), North America (2.40 ± 0.45 %.yr−1) and western and southern Europe (1.90 ± 0.43 %.yr−1). These are also seen in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, while the southwestern part of India exhibits decreasing trends. Reported national trends are analyzed in the light of changing anthropogenic and pyrogenic NH3 emissions, meteorological conditions and the impact of sulfur and nitrogen oxides emissions, which alter the atmospheric lifetime of NH3. We end with a short case study dedicated to the Netherlands and the "Dutch Nitrogen crisis" of 2019.

ACS Style

Martin Van Damme; Lieven Clarisse; Bruno Franco; Mark A Sutton; Jan Willem Erisman; Roy Wichink Kruit; Margreet van Zanten; Simon Whitburn; Juliette Hadji-Lazaro; Daniel Hurtmans; Cathy Clerbaux; Pierre-François Coheur. Global, regional and national trends of atmospheric ammonia derived from a decadal (2008–2018) satellite record. Environmental Research Letters 2020, 16, 055017 .

AMA Style

Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Bruno Franco, Mark A Sutton, Jan Willem Erisman, Roy Wichink Kruit, Margreet van Zanten, Simon Whitburn, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Daniel Hurtmans, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre-François Coheur. Global, regional and national trends of atmospheric ammonia derived from a decadal (2008–2018) satellite record. Environmental Research Letters. 2020; 16 (5):055017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Van Damme; Lieven Clarisse; Bruno Franco; Mark A Sutton; Jan Willem Erisman; Roy Wichink Kruit; Margreet van Zanten; Simon Whitburn; Juliette Hadji-Lazaro; Daniel Hurtmans; Cathy Clerbaux; Pierre-François Coheur. 2020. "Global, regional and national trends of atmospheric ammonia derived from a decadal (2008–2018) satellite record." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 5: 055017.

Development and technical paper
Published: 27 May 2020 in Geoscientific Model Development
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The nitrogen cycle has been continuously disrupted by human activity over the past century, resulting in almost a tripling of the total reactive nitrogen fixation in Europe. Consequently, excessive amounts of reactive nitrogen (Nr) have manifested in the environment, leading to a cascade of adverse effects, such as acidification and eutrophication of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and particulate matter formation. Chemistry transport models (CTMs) are frequently used as tools to simulate the complex chain of processes that determine atmospheric Nr flows. In these models, the parameterization of the atmosphere–biosphere exchange of Nr is largely based on few surface exchange measurement and is therefore known to be highly uncertain. In addition to this, the input parameters that are used here are often fixed values, only linked to specific land use classes. In an attempt to improve this, a combination of multiple satellite products is used to derive updated, time-variant leaf area index (LAI) and roughness length (z0) input maps. As LAI, we use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD15A2H product. The monthly z0 input maps presented in this paper are a function of satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values (MYD13A3 product) for short vegetation types (such as grass and arable land) and a combination of satellite-derived forest canopy height and LAI for forests. The use of these growth-dependent satellite products allows us to represent the growing season more realistically. For urban areas, the z0 values are updated, too, and linked to a population density map. The approach to derive these dynamic z0 estimates can be linked to any land use map and is as such transferable to other models. We evaluated the sensitivity of the modelled Nr deposition fields in LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.0 to the abovementioned changes in LAI and z0 inputs, focusing on Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. We computed z0 values from FLUXNET sites and compared these to the default and updated z0 values in LOTOS-EUROS. The root mean square difference (RMSD) for both short vegetation and forest sites improved. Comparing all sites, the RMSD decreased from 0.76 (default z0) to 0.60 (updated z0). The implementation of these updated LAI and z0 input maps led to local changes in the total Nr deposition of up to ∼30 % and a general shift from wet to dry deposition. The most distinct changes are observed in land-use-specific deposition fluxes. These fluxes may show relatively large deviations, locally affecting estimated critical load exceedances for specific natural ecosystems.

ACS Style

Shelley C. Van Der Graaf; Richard Kranenburg; Arjo J. Segers; Martijn Schaap; Jan Willem Erisman. Satellite-derived leaf area index and roughness length information for surface–atmosphere exchange modelling: a case study for reactive nitrogen deposition in north-western Europe using LOTOS-EUROS v2.0. Geoscientific Model Development 2020, 13, 2451 -2474.

AMA Style

Shelley C. Van Der Graaf, Richard Kranenburg, Arjo J. Segers, Martijn Schaap, Jan Willem Erisman. Satellite-derived leaf area index and roughness length information for surface–atmosphere exchange modelling: a case study for reactive nitrogen deposition in north-western Europe using LOTOS-EUROS v2.0. Geoscientific Model Development. 2020; 13 (5):2451-2474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shelley C. Van Der Graaf; Richard Kranenburg; Arjo J. Segers; Martijn Schaap; Jan Willem Erisman. 2020. "Satellite-derived leaf area index and roughness length information for surface–atmosphere exchange modelling: a case study for reactive nitrogen deposition in north-western Europe using LOTOS-EUROS v2.0." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 5: 2451-2474.

Opinion
Published: 22 May 2020 in Global Change Biology
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Stomatal conductance, one of the major plant physiological controls within NH3 biosphere‐atmosphere exchange models, is commonly estimated from semi‐empirical multiplicative schemes or simple light‐ and temperature‐response functions. However, due to their inherent parameterisation on meteorological proxy variables, instead of a direct measure of stomatal opening, they are unfit for the use in climate change scenarios and of limited value for interpreting field‐scale measurements. Alternatives based on H2O flux measurements suffer from uncertainties in the partitioning of evapotranspiration at humid sites, as well as a potential decoupling of transpiration from stomatal opening in the presence of hygroscopic particles on leaf surfaces. We argue that these problems may be avoided by directly deriving stomatal conductance from CO2 fluxes instead. We reanalysed a dataset of NH3 flux measurements based on CO2‐derived stomatal conductance, confirming the hypothesis that the increasing relevance of stomatal exchange with the onset of vegetation activity caused a rapid decrease of observed NH3 deposition velocities. Finally, we argue that developing more mechanistic representations of NH3 biosphere‐atmosphere exchange can be of great benefit in many applications. These range from model‐based flux partitioning, over deposition monitoring using low‐cost samplers and inferential modelling, to a direct response of NH3 exchange to climate change.

ACS Style

Frederik Schrader; Jan Willem Erisman; Christian Brümmer. Towards a coupled paradigm of NH 3 ‐CO 2 biosphere–atmosphere exchange modelling. Global Change Biology 2020, 26, 4654 -4663.

AMA Style

Frederik Schrader, Jan Willem Erisman, Christian Brümmer. Towards a coupled paradigm of NH 3 ‐CO 2 biosphere–atmosphere exchange modelling. Global Change Biology. 2020; 26 (9):4654-4663.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frederik Schrader; Jan Willem Erisman; Christian Brümmer. 2020. "Towards a coupled paradigm of NH 3 ‐CO 2 biosphere–atmosphere exchange modelling." Global Change Biology 26, no. 9: 4654-4663.

Article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Organic Agriculture
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In the discussion about food and the environment, most focus is on climate and nutrients. Food in relation to human health is an issue that gets much less attention. But what is healthy food and how can we couple food, health, and the environment more strongly to reach a more integral approach from a system perspective? Here I will discuss the potential of a nature-based food system in relation to health and wellbeing. It is hypothesized that for a healthy diet, both nutritious food and nature-based foods are essential. Nature-based foods contribute to maintaining a healthy human microbiome and are therefore an essential part of diets containing landless and ultra-processed foods. Furthermore, maintaining the essential microbiology has consequences for how and where we produce our foods. Therefore, a conceptual framework is proposed for nature-based food production.

ACS Style

Jan Willem Erisman. Nature-based agriculture for an adequate human microbiome. Organic Agriculture 2020, 11, 225 -230.

AMA Style

Jan Willem Erisman. Nature-based agriculture for an adequate human microbiome. Organic Agriculture. 2020; 11 (2):225-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Willem Erisman. 2020. "Nature-based agriculture for an adequate human microbiome." Organic Agriculture 11, no. 2: 225-230.

Article
Published: 12 May 2020 in Organic Agriculture
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Excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the global system has led to a wide variety of environmental and human health problems. To minimize the negative impacts of nitrogen loss from agriculture, we need to develop more sustainable farming systems that can efficiently produce food for humans while balancing ecological functioning and reducing Nr losses. This paper looks at recent research examining Nr losses in organic systems, using conventional Nr losses in the United States (U.S.) as a baseline to identify leverage points for reducing Nr loss. The paper discusses the sources of Nr used in organic versus conventional farming and highlights the importance of increasing the use of recycled Nr to prevent additional Nr loss to the environment. Specifically, we note that organic production is advantageous when it comes to the creation of new Nr because of its reliance on recycled sources of Nr, improved ability to access nutrients in the soil, and higher residue recycling rates. We also highlight areas where additional research, policies, and protocols are needed to improve Nr efficiency, including increasing organic yields, increased recycling of processing waste, matching nutrient flows, reducing and recycling edible food waste, and examining potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge in organic systems.

ACS Style

Jessica Shade; Laura Cattell Noll; Verena Seufert; James N. Galloway; Jan Willem Erisman. Decreasing reactive nitrogen losses in organic agricultural systems. Organic Agriculture 2020, 11, 217 -223.

AMA Style

Jessica Shade, Laura Cattell Noll, Verena Seufert, James N. Galloway, Jan Willem Erisman. Decreasing reactive nitrogen losses in organic agricultural systems. Organic Agriculture. 2020; 11 (2):217-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Shade; Laura Cattell Noll; Verena Seufert; James N. Galloway; Jan Willem Erisman. 2020. "Decreasing reactive nitrogen losses in organic agricultural systems." Organic Agriculture 11, no. 2: 217-223.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 27 January 2020 in Environmental Research Letters
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We estimated the reactive nitrogen (Nr) lost per unit food Nr consumed for organic food production in the United States and compared it to conventional production. We used a nitrogen footprint model approach, which accounts for both differences in Nr losses as well as differences in productivity of the two systems. Additionally, we quantified the types of Nr inputs (new versus recycled) that are used in both production systems. We estimated Nr losses from organic crop and animal production to be of comparable magnitude to conventional production losses, with the exception of beef. While Nr losses from organic vegetables are possibly higher (+37%), Nr losses from organic grains, starchy roots, legumes are likely of similar magnitude to conventional production (+7%, +6%, -12%, respectively). Nr losses from organic poultry, pigmeat, and dairy production are also likely comparable to conventional production (+9%, +10%, +12%, respectively), while Nr losses from organic beef production were estimated to be higher (+124%). Due to the high variability and high uncertainty in Nr efficiency in both systems we cannot make conclusions yet on the statistical significance of these potential differences. Conventional production relies heavily on the creation of new Nr (70-90% of inputs are from new Nr sources like synthetic fertilizer) whereas organic production primarily utilizes already existing Nr (0-50% of organic inputs are from new Nr sources like leguminous N fixation). Consuming organically produced foods has little impact on an individual's food N footprint but changes the percentage of new versus recycled Nr in the footprint. With the exception of beef, Nr losses from organic production per unit N in product are comparable to conventional production. However, organic production requires the creation of less new Nr, which could reduce global Nr pollution.

ACS Style

Laura Cattell Noll; Allison Leach; Verena Seufert; James N Galloway; Brooke Atwell; Jan Willem Erisman; Jessica Shade. The nitrogen footprint of organic food in the United States. Environmental Research Letters 2020, 15, 045004 .

AMA Style

Laura Cattell Noll, Allison Leach, Verena Seufert, James N Galloway, Brooke Atwell, Jan Willem Erisman, Jessica Shade. The nitrogen footprint of organic food in the United States. Environmental Research Letters. 2020; 15 (4):045004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Cattell Noll; Allison Leach; Verena Seufert; James N Galloway; Brooke Atwell; Jan Willem Erisman; Jessica Shade. 2020. "The nitrogen footprint of organic food in the United States." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 4: 045004.

Research article
Published: 04 December 2019 in New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
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Reactive nitrogen (N) losses, and in particular nitrous oxide losses, from dairy grasslands on peat soils are generally high as a result of relative high soil organic matter contents, potential N mineralisation rates and shallow groundwater levels. Effects of the inclusion of the temperate forage species plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) (PL), which produces secondary compounds with biological nitrification inhibition capacity, on the fate of soil mineral N were studied in a combined mesocosm and field experiment. The experiments comprised four treatments differing in intentional herbage share of plantain versus perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (100%PL, 66%PL, 33%PL and 0%PL). Potential nitrification in the mesocosm experiment was significantly lower at 100%PL versus 0%PL (p = 0.018), but soil nitrate concentrations were not. Nitrous oxide fluxes reduced by 39% (p = 0.021) in the presence of plantain in the field experiment, without an obvious link to the quantity of plantain. N use efficiency of plantain tended to increase with the quantity of plantain in the sward in the mesocosm experiment (p = 0.098), but not in the field experiment. Our results suggest that the presence of plantain can affect the fate of soil mineral N of dairy grasslands on peat soils.

ACS Style

Jeroen Pijlman; Stijn J. Berger; Fay Lexmond; Jaap Bloem; Jan Willem van Groenigen; Eric J.W. Visser; Jan Willem Erisman; Nick van Eekeren. Can the presence of plantain (Plantago lanceolataL.) improve nitrogen cycling of dairy grassland systems on peat soils? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2019, 63, 106 -122.

AMA Style

Jeroen Pijlman, Stijn J. Berger, Fay Lexmond, Jaap Bloem, Jan Willem van Groenigen, Eric J.W. Visser, Jan Willem Erisman, Nick van Eekeren. Can the presence of plantain (Plantago lanceolataL.) improve nitrogen cycling of dairy grassland systems on peat soils? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019; 63 (1):106-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeroen Pijlman; Stijn J. Berger; Fay Lexmond; Jaap Bloem; Jan Willem van Groenigen; Eric J.W. Visser; Jan Willem Erisman; Nick van Eekeren. 2019. "Can the presence of plantain (Plantago lanceolataL.) improve nitrogen cycling of dairy grassland systems on peat soils?" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 63, no. 1: 106-122.

Research article
Published: 02 October 2019 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Ammonia (NH3) is an essential reactive nitrogen species in the biosphere and through its use in agriculture in the form of fertilizer (important for sustaining humankind). The current emission levels, however, are up to 4 times higher than in the previous century and continue to grow with uncertain consequences to human health and the environment. While NH3 at its current levels is a hazard to environmental and human health, the atmospheric budget is still highly uncertain, which is a product of an overall lack of measurements. The capability to measure NH3 with satellites has opened up new ways to study the atmospheric NH3 budget. In this study, we present the first estimates of NH3 emissions, lifetimes and plume widths from large (>∼5 kt yr−1) agricultural and industrial point sources from Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations across the globe with a consistent methodology. The same methodology is also applied to the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) (A and B) satellite observations, and we show that the satellites typically provide comparable results that are within the uncertainty of the estimates. The computed NH3 lifetime for large point sources is on average 2.35±1.16 h. For the 249 sources with emission levels detectable by the CrIS satellite, there are currently 55 locations missing (or underestimated by more than an order of magnitude) from the current Hemispheric Transport Atmospheric Pollution version 2 (HTAPv2) emission inventory and only 72 locations with emissions within a factor of 2 compared to the inventories. The CrIS emission estimates give a total of 5622 kt yr−1, for the sources analyzed in this study, which is around a factor of ∼2.5 higher than the emissions reported in HTAPv2. Furthermore, the study shows that it is possible to accurately detect short- and long-term changes in emissions, demonstrating the possibility of using satellite-observed NH3 to constrain emission inventories.

ACS Style

Enrico Dammers; Chris A. McLinden; Debora Griffin; Mark W. Shephard; Shelley Van Der Graaf; Erik Lutsch; Martijn Schaap; Yonatan Gainairu-Matz; Vitali Fioletov; Martin Van Damme; Simon Whitburn; Lieven Clarisse; Karen Cady-Pereira; Cathy Clerbaux; Pierre Francois Coheur; Jan Willem Erisman. NH3 emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 12261 -12293.

AMA Style

Enrico Dammers, Chris A. McLinden, Debora Griffin, Mark W. Shephard, Shelley Van Der Graaf, Erik Lutsch, Martijn Schaap, Yonatan Gainairu-Matz, Vitali Fioletov, Martin Van Damme, Simon Whitburn, Lieven Clarisse, Karen Cady-Pereira, Cathy Clerbaux, Pierre Francois Coheur, Jan Willem Erisman. NH3 emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (19):12261-12293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrico Dammers; Chris A. McLinden; Debora Griffin; Mark W. Shephard; Shelley Van Der Graaf; Erik Lutsch; Martijn Schaap; Yonatan Gainairu-Matz; Vitali Fioletov; Martin Van Damme; Simon Whitburn; Lieven Clarisse; Karen Cady-Pereira; Cathy Clerbaux; Pierre Francois Coheur; Jan Willem Erisman. 2019. "NH3 emissions from large point sources derived from CrIS and IASI satellite observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19: 12261-12293.

Review article
Published: 04 August 2019 in Earth's Future
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Nitrogen is a critical component of the economy, food security, and planetary health. Many of the world's sustainability targets hinge on global nitrogen solutions, which, in turn, contribute lasting benefits for (i) world hunger; (ii) soil, air, and water quality; (iii) climate change mitigation; and (iv) biodiversity conservation. Balancing the projected rise in agricultural nitrogen demands while achieving these 21st century ideals will require policies to coordinate solutions among technologies, consumer choice, and socioeconomic transformation.

ACS Style

Benjamin Z. Houlton; Maya Almaraz; Viney Aneja; Amy T. Austin; Edith Bai; Kenneth G. Cassman; Jana E. Compton; Eric A. Davidson; Jan Willem Erisman; James N. Galloway; Baojing Gu; Guolin Yao; Luiz A. Martinelli; Kate Scow; William H. Schlesinger; Thomas P. Tomich; Chao Wang; Xin Zhang. A World of Cobenefits: Solving the Global Nitrogen Challenge. Earth's Future 2019, 7, 865 -872.

AMA Style

Benjamin Z. Houlton, Maya Almaraz, Viney Aneja, Amy T. Austin, Edith Bai, Kenneth G. Cassman, Jana E. Compton, Eric A. Davidson, Jan Willem Erisman, James N. Galloway, Baojing Gu, Guolin Yao, Luiz A. Martinelli, Kate Scow, William H. Schlesinger, Thomas P. Tomich, Chao Wang, Xin Zhang. A World of Cobenefits: Solving the Global Nitrogen Challenge. Earth's Future. 2019; 7 (8):865-872.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Z. Houlton; Maya Almaraz; Viney Aneja; Amy T. Austin; Edith Bai; Kenneth G. Cassman; Jana E. Compton; Eric A. Davidson; Jan Willem Erisman; James N. Galloway; Baojing Gu; Guolin Yao; Luiz A. Martinelli; Kate Scow; William H. Schlesinger; Thomas P. Tomich; Chao Wang; Xin Zhang. 2019. "A World of Cobenefits: Solving the Global Nitrogen Challenge." Earth's Future 7, no. 8: 865-872.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2019 in Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two dominant nutrients regulating the productivity of most terrestrial ecosystems. The growing imbalance of anthropogenic N and P inputs into the future is estimated to exacerbate P limitation on land and limit the land carbon (C) sink, so that we hypothesized that P limitation will increasingly reduce C sequestered per unit N deposited into the future. Using a global land surface model (CABLE), we simulated the effects of increased N deposition with and without P limitation on land C uptake and the fate of deposited N on land from 1901 to 2100. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that N deposition continued to induce land C sequestration into the future, contributing to 15% of future C sequestration as opposed to 6% over the historical period. P limitation reduced the future land C uptake per unit N deposited only moderately at the global scale but P limitation increasingly caused N deposition to have net negative effects on the land C balance in the temperate zone. P limitation further increased the fraction of deposited N that is lost via leaching to aquatic ecosystems, globally from 38.5% over the historical period to 53% into the future, and up to 75% in tropical ecosystems. Our results suggest continued N demand for plant productivity but also indicate growing adverse N deposition effects in the future biosphere, not fully accounted for in global models, emphasizing the urgent need to elaborate on model representations of N and P dynamics.

ACS Style

Katrin Fleischer; A. J. Dolman; Michiel K. Van Der Molen; Karin T. Rebel; Jan Willem Erisman; Martin Wassen; Bernard Pak; Xingjie Lu; Anja Rammig; Ying‐Ping Wang. Nitrogen Deposition Maintains a Positive Effect on Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in the 21st Century Despite Growing Phosphorus Limitation at Regional Scales. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2019, 33, 810 -824.

AMA Style

Katrin Fleischer, A. J. Dolman, Michiel K. Van Der Molen, Karin T. Rebel, Jan Willem Erisman, Martin Wassen, Bernard Pak, Xingjie Lu, Anja Rammig, Ying‐Ping Wang. Nitrogen Deposition Maintains a Positive Effect on Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in the 21st Century Despite Growing Phosphorus Limitation at Regional Scales. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2019; 33 (6):810-824.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katrin Fleischer; A. J. Dolman; Michiel K. Van Der Molen; Karin T. Rebel; Jan Willem Erisman; Martin Wassen; Bernard Pak; Xingjie Lu; Anja Rammig; Ying‐Ping Wang. 2019. "Nitrogen Deposition Maintains a Positive Effect on Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in the 21st Century Despite Growing Phosphorus Limitation at Regional Scales." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 33, no. 6: 810-824.

Technical note
Published: 13 September 2018 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Atmospheric levels of reactive nitrogen have increased substantially during the last century resulting in increased nitrogen deposition to ecosystems, causing harmful effects such as soil acidification, reduction in plant biodiversity and eutrophication in lakes and the ocean. Recent developments in the use of atmospheric remote sensing enabled us to resolve concentration fields of NH3 with larger spatial coverage. These observations may be used to improve the quantification of NH3 deposition. In this paper, we use a relatively simple, data-driven method to derive dry deposition fluxes and surface concentrations of NH3 for Europe and for the Netherlands. The aim of this paper is to determine the applicability and the limitations of this method for NH3. Space-born observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the LOTOS-EUROS atmospheric transport model are used. The original modelled dry NH3 deposition flux from LOTOS-EUROS and the flux inferred from IASI are compared to indicate areas with large discrepancies between the two. In these areas, potential model or emission improvements are needed. The largest differences in derived dry deposition fluxes occur in large parts of central Europe, where the satellite-observed NH3 concentrations are higher than the modelled ones, and in Switzerland, northern Italy (Po Valley) and southern Turkey, where the modelled NH3 concentrations are higher than the satellite-observed ones. A sensitivity analysis of eight model input parameters important for NH3 dry deposition modelling showed that the IASI-derived dry NH3 deposition fluxes may vary from ∼ 20 % up to ∼50 % throughout Europe. Variations in the NH3 dry deposition velocity led to the largest deviations in the IASI-derived dry NH3 deposition flux and should be focused on in the future. A comparison of NH3 surface concentrations with in situ measurements of several established networks – the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), Meetnet Ammoniak in Natuurgebieden (MAN) and Landelijk Meetnet Luchtkwaliteit (LML) – showed no significant or consistent improvement in the IASI-derived NH3 surface concentrations compared to the originally modelled NH3 surface concentrations from LOTOS-EUROS. It is concluded that the IASI-derived NH3 deposition fluxes do not show strong improvements compared to modelled NH3 deposition fluxes and there is a future need for better, more robust, methods to derive NH3 dry deposition fluxes.

ACS Style

Shelley van der Graaf; Enrico Dammers; Martijn Schaap; Jan Willem Erisman. Technical note: How are NH3 dry deposition estimates affected by combining the LOTOS-EUROS model with IASI-NH3 satellite observations? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18, 13173 -13196.

AMA Style

Shelley van der Graaf, Enrico Dammers, Martijn Schaap, Jan Willem Erisman. Technical note: How are NH3 dry deposition estimates affected by combining the LOTOS-EUROS model with IASI-NH3 satellite observations? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18 (17):13173-13196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shelley van der Graaf; Enrico Dammers; Martijn Schaap; Jan Willem Erisman. 2018. "Technical note: How are NH3 dry deposition estimates affected by combining the LOTOS-EUROS model with IASI-NH3 satellite observations?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 17: 13173-13196.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2018 in Sustainability
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Reducing nitrogen pollution across the food chain requires the use of clear and comprehensive indicators to track and manage losses. The challenge is to derive an easy-to-use robust nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) indicator for entire food systems to help support policy development, monitor progress and inform consumers. Based on a comparison of four approaches to NUE (life cycle analysis, nitrogen footprint, nitrogen budget, and environmental impact assessment), we propose an indicator for broader application at the national scale: The whole food chain (NUEFC), which is defined as the ratio of the protein (expressed as nitrogen) available for human consumption to the (newly fixed and imported) nitrogen input to the food system. The NUEFC was calculated for a set of European countries between 1980 and 2011. A large variation in NUEFC was observed within countries in Europe, ranging from 10% in Ireland to 40% in Italy in 2008. The NUEFC can be used to identify factors that influence it (e.g., the share of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in new nitrogen, the imported and exported products and the consumption), which can be used to propose potential improvements on the national scale.

ACS Style

Jan Erisman; Allison Leach; Albert Bleeker; Brooke Atwell; Lia Cattaneo; James Galloway. An Integrated Approach to a Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Indicator for the Food Production–Consumption Chain. Sustainability 2018, 10, 925 .

AMA Style

Jan Erisman, Allison Leach, Albert Bleeker, Brooke Atwell, Lia Cattaneo, James Galloway. An Integrated Approach to a Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Indicator for the Food Production–Consumption Chain. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Erisman; Allison Leach; Albert Bleeker; Brooke Atwell; Lia Cattaneo; James Galloway. 2018. "An Integrated Approach to a Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Indicator for the Food Production–Consumption Chain." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 925.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Global Environmental Change
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Biosphere carbon sinks are crucial for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration to mitigate global warming, but are substantially affected by the input of reactive nitrogen (Nr). Although the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emission and nitrogen deposition (indicated by Nr emission to atmosphere) on carbon sink have been studied, it is unclear how their ratio (C/N) changes with economic development and how such change alters biosphere carbon sinks. Here, by compiling datasets for 132 countries we find that the C/N ratio continued to increase despite anthropogenic CO2 and Nr emissions to atmosphere both showing an asymmetric para-curve with economic growth. The inflection points of CO2 and Nr emissions are found at around $15,000 gross domestic product per capita worldwide. Economic growth promotes the use of Nr and energy, while at the same time increases their use efficiencies, together resulting in occurrences of inflection points of CO2 and Nr emissions. Nr emissions increase slower but decrease faster than that of CO2 emissions before and after the inflection point, respectively. It implies that there will be relatively more anthropogenic CO2 emission but less N deposition with economic growth. This may limit biosphere carbon sink because of relative shortage of Nr. This finding should be integrated/included in global climate change modelling. Efforts, such as matching N deposition with carbon sequestration on regional scale, to manage CO2 and Nr emissions comprehensively to maintain a balance are critical.

ACS Style

Baojing Gu; Xiaotang Ju; Yiyun Wu; Jan Willem Erisman; Albert Bleeker; Stefan Reis; Mark A. Sutton; Shu Kee Lam; Pete Smith; Oene Oenema; Rognvald I. Smith; Xuehe Lu; Xinyue Ye; Deli Chen. Cleaning up nitrogen pollution may reduce future carbon sinks. Global Environmental Change 2018, 48, 56 -66.

AMA Style

Baojing Gu, Xiaotang Ju, Yiyun Wu, Jan Willem Erisman, Albert Bleeker, Stefan Reis, Mark A. Sutton, Shu Kee Lam, Pete Smith, Oene Oenema, Rognvald I. Smith, Xuehe Lu, Xinyue Ye, Deli Chen. Cleaning up nitrogen pollution may reduce future carbon sinks. Global Environmental Change. 2018; 48 ():56-66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baojing Gu; Xiaotang Ju; Yiyun Wu; Jan Willem Erisman; Albert Bleeker; Stefan Reis; Mark A. Sutton; Shu Kee Lam; Pete Smith; Oene Oenema; Rognvald I. Smith; Xuehe Lu; Xinyue Ye; Deli Chen. 2018. "Cleaning up nitrogen pollution may reduce future carbon sinks." Global Environmental Change 48, no. : 56-66.

Letter
Published: 01 September 2017 in Environmental Research Letters
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Riverine nitrogen (N) export is a crucial process that links upstream and downstream ecosystems and coastal zones. However, the driving forces of riverine N export that is closely related to water N pollution are still not well understood. In this study, we used a mass balance approach to quantify the sources of N discharge and analyzed the effect of land use composition on riverine N export, taking Zhejiang Province, China as a case study. We found that the total reactive N discharge to rivers in Zhejiang increased from 0.22 to 0.26 Tg yr−1 from 2000 to 2015. At the watershed scale, our estimate of N export agrees well with the monitored riverine N concentration in the eight major watersheds in Zhejiang. Direct discharge of domestic wastewater and effluents from wastewater treatment plants are dominant sources of riverine N export, followed by agricultural non-point sources. Although riverine N export increases with the increasing proportion of urban and agricultural land uses, we did not find any relationship between land use change and changes in riverine N export. This suggests that the dominant factor affecting riverine N export should be human activities (e.g. wastewater discharge and fertilization level), while land use only mediates riverine N export.

ACS Style

Binhui Chen; Scott X Chang; Shu Kee Lam; Jan Willem Erisman; Baojing Gu. Land use mediates riverine nitrogen export under the dominant influence of human activities. Environmental Research Letters 2017, 12, 094018 .

AMA Style

Binhui Chen, Scott X Chang, Shu Kee Lam, Jan Willem Erisman, Baojing Gu. Land use mediates riverine nitrogen export under the dominant influence of human activities. Environmental Research Letters. 2017; 12 (9):094018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Binhui Chen; Scott X Chang; Shu Kee Lam; Jan Willem Erisman; Baojing Gu. 2017. "Land use mediates riverine nitrogen export under the dominant influence of human activities." Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 9: 094018.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2017 in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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Presented here is the validation of the CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) fast physical NH3 retrieval (CFPR) column and profile measurements using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. We use the total columns and profiles from seven FTIR sites in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) to validate the satellite data products. The overall FTIR and CrIS total columns have a positive correlation of r = 0.77 (N = 218) with very little bias (a slope of 1.02). Binning the comparisons by total column amounts, for concentrations larger than 1.0 × 1016 molecules cm−2, i.e. ranging from moderate to polluted conditions, the relative difference is on average ∼ 0–5 % with a standard deviation of 25–50 %, which is comparable to the estimated retrieval uncertainties in both CrIS and the FTIR. For the smallest total column range (< 1.0 × 1016 molecules cm−2) where there are a large number of observations at or near the CrIS noise level (detection limit) the absolute differences between CrIS and the FTIR total columns show a slight positive column bias. The CrIS and FTIR profile comparison differences are mostly within the range of the single-level retrieved profile values from estimated retrieval uncertainties, showing average differences in the range of ∼ 20 to 40 %. The CrIS retrievals typically show good vertical sensitivity down into the boundary layer which typically peaks at ∼ 850 hPa (∼ 1.5 km). At this level the median absolute difference is 0.87 (std = ±0.08) ppb, corresponding to a median relative difference of 39 % (std = ±2 %). Most of the absolute and relative profile comparison differences are in the range of the estimated retrieval uncertainties. At the surface, where CrIS typically has lower sensitivity, it tends to overestimate in low-concentration conditions and underestimate in higher atmospheric concentration conditions.

ACS Style

Enrico Dammers; Mark W. Shephard; Mathias Palm; Karen Cady-Pereira; Shannon Capps; Erik Lutsch; Kim Strong; James W. Hannigan; Ivan Ortega; Geoffrey C. Toon; Wolfgang Stremme; Michel Grutter; Nicholas Jones; Dan Smale; Jacob Siemons; Kevin Hrpcek; Denis Tremblay; Martijn Schaap; Justus Notholt; Jan Willem Erisman. Validation of the CrIS fast physical NH3 retrieval with ground-based FTIR. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2017, 10, 2645 -2667.

AMA Style

Enrico Dammers, Mark W. Shephard, Mathias Palm, Karen Cady-Pereira, Shannon Capps, Erik Lutsch, Kim Strong, James W. Hannigan, Ivan Ortega, Geoffrey C. Toon, Wolfgang Stremme, Michel Grutter, Nicholas Jones, Dan Smale, Jacob Siemons, Kevin Hrpcek, Denis Tremblay, Martijn Schaap, Justus Notholt, Jan Willem Erisman. Validation of the CrIS fast physical NH3 retrieval with ground-based FTIR. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2017; 10 (7):2645-2667.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrico Dammers; Mark W. Shephard; Mathias Palm; Karen Cady-Pereira; Shannon Capps; Erik Lutsch; Kim Strong; James W. Hannigan; Ivan Ortega; Geoffrey C. Toon; Wolfgang Stremme; Michel Grutter; Nicholas Jones; Dan Smale; Jacob Siemons; Kevin Hrpcek; Denis Tremblay; Martijn Schaap; Justus Notholt; Jan Willem Erisman. 2017. "Validation of the CrIS fast physical NH3 retrieval with ground-based FTIR." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 7: 2645-2667.

Research article
Published: 02 January 2017 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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The implementation of strict emission control measures in Beijing and surrounding regions during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade provided a valuable opportunity to investigate related air quality improvements in a megacity. We measured NH3, NO2 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in and outside Beijing and summarized concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO in 291 cities across China from a national urban air quality monitoring network between August and September 2015. Consistently significant reductions of 12–35 % for NH3 and 33–59 % for NO2 in different areas of Beijing during the emission control period (referred to as the Parade Blue period) were observed compared with measurements in the pre- and post-Parade Blue periods without emission controls. Average NH3 and NO2 concentrations at sites near traffic were strongly correlated and showed positive and significant responses to traffic reduction measures, suggesting that traffic is an important source of both NH3 and NOx in urban Beijing. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol (sulfate, ammonium and nitrate) at the urban and rural sites both decreased during the Parade Blue period. During (after) the emission control period, concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO from the national city-monitoring network showed the largest decrease (increase) of 34–72 % (50–214 %) in Beijing, a smaller decrease (a moderate increase) of 1–32 % (16–44 %) in emission control regions outside Beijing and an increase (decrease) of 6–16 % (−2–7 %) in non-emission-control regions of China. Integrated analysis of modelling and monitoring results demonstrated that emission control measures made a major contribution to air quality improvement in Beijing compared with a minor contribution from favourable meteorological conditions during the Parade Blue period. These results show that controls of secondary aerosol precursors (NH3, SO2 and NOx) locally and regionally are key to curbing air pollution in Beijing and probably in other mega cities worldwide.

ACS Style

Wen Xu; Wei Song; Yangyang Zhang; Xuejun Liu; Lin Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Duanyang Liu; Aohan Tang; Daowei Yang; Dandan Wang; Zhang Wen; Yuepeng Pan; David Fowler; Jeffrey L. Collett Jr.; Jan Willem Erisman; Keith Goulding; Yi Li; Fusuo Zhang. Air quality improvement in a megacity: implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue pollution control actions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17, 31 -46.

AMA Style

Wen Xu, Wei Song, Yangyang Zhang, Xuejun Liu, Lin Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Duanyang Liu, Aohan Tang, Daowei Yang, Dandan Wang, Zhang Wen, Yuepeng Pan, David Fowler, Jeffrey L. Collett Jr., Jan Willem Erisman, Keith Goulding, Yi Li, Fusuo Zhang. Air quality improvement in a megacity: implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue pollution control actions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17 (1):31-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen Xu; Wei Song; Yangyang Zhang; Xuejun Liu; Lin Zhang; Yuanhong Zhao; Duanyang Liu; Aohan Tang; Daowei Yang; Dandan Wang; Zhang Wen; Yuepeng Pan; David Fowler; Jeffrey L. Collett Jr.; Jan Willem Erisman; Keith Goulding; Yi Li; Fusuo Zhang. 2017. "Air quality improvement in a megacity: implications from 2015 Beijing Parade Blue pollution control actions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 1: 31-46.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Soil Research
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Once upon a time there was enough naturally occurring nitrogen (N) to provide food for the world’s peoples. Then there was not in the western regions. Now there is due to industrially produced NH3. But this transition from plenty, to scarcity, to plenty has come with a tremendous environmental cost. This paper provides an historical overview of the growth of knowledge about N and about its impacts, both positive and negative. The paper also explores three scenarios of what might have been, if in 1700 the world had the N-knowledge that we have now. The paper then projects N use to feed the world’s people in 2050 under three scenarios of per-capita protein consumption: increasing, constant and decreasing relative to nutritional guidelines. The three projected results for 2050 annual N use from producing and consuming food are 320, 230 and 170 Tg N respectively. The latter is equivalent to 1970 levels. Given that the first scenario (increasing protein) is most likely without utilising our N-knowledge, the paper ends with suggestions for improvements in N use and management.

ACS Style

James N. Galloway; Allison Leach; Jan Willem Erisman; Albert Bleeker. Nitrogen: the historical progression from ignorance to knowledge, with a view to future solutions. Soil Research 2017, 55, 417 .

AMA Style

James N. Galloway, Allison Leach, Jan Willem Erisman, Albert Bleeker. Nitrogen: the historical progression from ignorance to knowledge, with a view to future solutions. Soil Research. 2017; 55 (6):417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James N. Galloway; Allison Leach; Jan Willem Erisman; Albert Bleeker. 2017. "Nitrogen: the historical progression from ignorance to knowledge, with a view to future solutions." Soil Research 55, no. 6: 417.

Article
Published: 03 December 2016 in Organic Agriculture
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Organic agriculture can and should play an important role in solving future challenges in producing food. The low level of external inputs combined with knowledge on sustainablity minimizes environmental contamination and can help to produce more food for more people without negatively impacting our environment. Organic agriculture not only includes farming as a production practice but it also includes processing, trade and consumption. Nevertheless, Organic agriculture must always evolve to overcome emerging challenges. Science-based knowledge attained through dedicated research is required to strengthen organic food and farming as a means to solve future challenges. In 2010, a global discussion about Organic 3.0 was initiated to address current problems our agri-food systems are facing. Many scientifically and practically proven results are already available to make organic agriculture a strong tool to solve some of these challenges. However, the organic agri-food system has to be developed further to fulfill its potential. The contribution of organic agriculture to help solve current problems linked to food security and environmental quality was discussed during the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR) Symposium “Organic 3.0 is Innovation with Research”, held September 20–22, 2015, in conjunction with the first ISOFAR International Organic Expo, in Goesan County, Republic of Korea. Some of the world’s most active scientists in organic agriculture attended the symposium. This paper is a result of their discussions and aims to give an overview of research conducted and required to strengthen organic agriculture in its ambitions to overcome agronomic challenges, contribute to food security and protect our common environment.

ACS Style

Gerold Rahmann; M. Reza Ardakani; Paolo Bàrberi; Herwart Boehm; Stefano Canali; Mahesh Chander; Wahyudi David; Lucas Dengel; Jan Willem Erisman; Ana C. Galvis-Martinez; Ulrich Hamm; Johannes Kahl; Ulrich Köpke; Stefan Kühne; S. B. Lee; Anne-Kristin Løes; Jan Hendrik Moos; Daniel Neuhof; Jaakko Tapani Nuutila; Victor Olowe; Rainer Oppermann; Ewa Rembiałkowska; Jim Riddle; Ilse A. Rasmussen; Jessica Shade; Sang Mok Sohn; Mekuria Tadesse; Sonam Tashi; Alan Thatcher; Nazim Uddin; Peter Von Fragstein Und Niemsdorff; Atle Wibe; Maria Wivstad; Wu Wenliang; Raffaele Zanoli. Organic Agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research. Organic Agriculture 2016, 7, 169 -197.

AMA Style

Gerold Rahmann, M. Reza Ardakani, Paolo Bàrberi, Herwart Boehm, Stefano Canali, Mahesh Chander, Wahyudi David, Lucas Dengel, Jan Willem Erisman, Ana C. Galvis-Martinez, Ulrich Hamm, Johannes Kahl, Ulrich Köpke, Stefan Kühne, S. B. Lee, Anne-Kristin Løes, Jan Hendrik Moos, Daniel Neuhof, Jaakko Tapani Nuutila, Victor Olowe, Rainer Oppermann, Ewa Rembiałkowska, Jim Riddle, Ilse A. Rasmussen, Jessica Shade, Sang Mok Sohn, Mekuria Tadesse, Sonam Tashi, Alan Thatcher, Nazim Uddin, Peter Von Fragstein Und Niemsdorff, Atle Wibe, Maria Wivstad, Wu Wenliang, Raffaele Zanoli. Organic Agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research. Organic Agriculture. 2016; 7 (3):169-197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerold Rahmann; M. Reza Ardakani; Paolo Bàrberi; Herwart Boehm; Stefano Canali; Mahesh Chander; Wahyudi David; Lucas Dengel; Jan Willem Erisman; Ana C. Galvis-Martinez; Ulrich Hamm; Johannes Kahl; Ulrich Köpke; Stefan Kühne; S. B. Lee; Anne-Kristin Løes; Jan Hendrik Moos; Daniel Neuhof; Jaakko Tapani Nuutila; Victor Olowe; Rainer Oppermann; Ewa Rembiałkowska; Jim Riddle; Ilse A. Rasmussen; Jessica Shade; Sang Mok Sohn; Mekuria Tadesse; Sonam Tashi; Alan Thatcher; Nazim Uddin; Peter Von Fragstein Und Niemsdorff; Atle Wibe; Maria Wivstad; Wu Wenliang; Raffaele Zanoli. 2016. "Organic Agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research." Organic Agriculture 7, no. 3: 169-197.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Environmental Pollution
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Urban air quality in China has been declining substantially in recent years due to severe haze episodes. The reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO) and nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions since 2013 does not yet appear to yield substantial benefits for haze mitigation. As the reductions of those key precursors to secondary aerosol formation appears not to sufficient, other crucial factors need to be considered for the design of effective air pollution control strategies. Here we argue that ammonia (NH) plays a - so far - underestimated role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, a main component of urban fine particulate matter (PM) concentrations in China. By analyzing in situ concentration data observed in major cities alongside gridded emission data obtained from remote sensing and inventories, we find that emissions of NH have a more robust association with the spatiotemporal variation of PM levels than emissions of SO and NO. As a consequence, we argue that urban PM pollution in China in many locations is substantially affected by NH emissions. We highlight that more efforts should be directed to the reduction of NH emissions that help mitigate PM pollution more efficiently than other PM precursors. Such efforts will yield substantial co-benefits by improving nitrogen use efficiency in farming systems. As a consequence, such integrated strategies would not only improve urban air quality, but also contribute to China's food-security goals, prevent further biodiversity loss, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead to economic savings.

ACS Style

Yiyun Wu; Baojing Gu; Jan Willem Erisman; AlessanRSS Reis; Yuanyuan Fang; Xuehe Lu; Xiuming Zhang. PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China. Environmental Pollution 2016, 218, 86 -94.

AMA Style

Yiyun Wu, Baojing Gu, Jan Willem Erisman, AlessanRSS Reis, Yuanyuan Fang, Xuehe Lu, Xiuming Zhang. PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China. Environmental Pollution. 2016; 218 ():86-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiyun Wu; Baojing Gu; Jan Willem Erisman; AlessanRSS Reis; Yuanyuan Fang; Xuehe Lu; Xiuming Zhang. 2016. "PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China." Environmental Pollution 218, no. : 86-94.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2016 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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The accurate representation of bidirectional ammonia (NH3) biosphere–atmosphere exchange is an important part of modern air quality models. However, the cuticular (or external leaf surface) pathway, as well as other non-stomatal ecosystem surfaces, still pose a major challenge to translating our knowledge into models. Dynamic mechanistic models including complex leaf surface chemistry have been able to accurately reproduce measured bidirectional fluxes in the past, but their computational expense and challenging implementation into existing air quality models call for steady-state simplifications. Here we qualitatively compare two semi-empirical state-of-the-art parameterizations of a unidirectional non-stomatal resistance (Rw) model after Massad et al. (2010), and a quasi-bidirectional non-stomatal compensation-point (χw) model after Wichink Kruit et al. (2010), with NH3 flux measurements from five European sites. In addition, we tested the feasibility of using backward-looking moving averages of air NH3 concentrations as a proxy for prior NH3 uptake and as a driver of an alternative parameterization of non-stomatal emission potentials (Γw) for bidirectional non-stomatal exchange models. Results indicate that the Rw-only model has a tendency to underestimate fluxes, while the χw model mainly overestimates fluxes, although systematic underestimations can occur under certain conditions, depending on temperature and ambient NH3 concentrations at the site. The proposed Γw parameterization revealed a clear functional relationship between backward-looking moving averages of air NH3 concentrations and non-stomatal emission potentials, but further reduction of uncertainty is needed for it to be useful across different sites. As an interim solution for improving flux predictions, we recommend reducing the minimum allowed Rw and the temperature response parameter in the unidirectional model and revisiting the temperature-dependent Γw parameterization of the bidirectional model.

ACS Style

Frederik Schrader; Christian Brümmer; Chris R. Flechard; Roy J. Wichink Kruit; Margreet C. Van Zanten; Undine Zöll; Arjan Hensen; Jan Willem Erisman. Non-stomatal exchange in ammonia dry deposition models: comparison of two state-of-the-art approaches. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2016, 16, 13417 -13430.

AMA Style

Frederik Schrader, Christian Brümmer, Chris R. Flechard, Roy J. Wichink Kruit, Margreet C. Van Zanten, Undine Zöll, Arjan Hensen, Jan Willem Erisman. Non-stomatal exchange in ammonia dry deposition models: comparison of two state-of-the-art approaches. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2016; 16 (21):13417-13430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frederik Schrader; Christian Brümmer; Chris R. Flechard; Roy J. Wichink Kruit; Margreet C. Van Zanten; Undine Zöll; Arjan Hensen; Jan Willem Erisman. 2016. "Non-stomatal exchange in ammonia dry deposition models: comparison of two state-of-the-art approaches." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 21: 13417-13430.