Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a key biomarker reflecting autonomic nervous system (ANS) function and neurocardiac regulation. Reduced HRV has been associated with cardiovascular risk, neurodegenerative disorders, and autonomic dysfunction. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), HRV impairments indicate altered autonomic balance, which may be modifiable through structured exercise interventions. This study investigates the effects of aerobic exercise on HRV in patients with PD and evaluates autonomic adaptations to rehabilitation. Methods: A total of 110 patients with PD (55 male, 55 female) participated in a supervised three-month aerobic exercise program. HRV was assessed pre- and post-intervention using electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Time-domain and frequency-domain HRV metrics, including standard deviation of RR intervals (SDRR), very-low-frequency (VLF), low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) power, and LF/HF ratio, were analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering techniques were applied to identify subgroups of HRV responders based on autonomic adaptation. Results: Significant improvements in HRV were observed post-intervention, with a reduction in LF/HF ratio (p < 0.05), indicating improved autonomic balance. Cluster analysis identified four distinct HRV response subgroups: Strong Responders, Moderate Responders, Mixed/Irregular Responders, and Low Responders. These findings highlight individual variability in autonomic adaptations to exercise. PCA revealed that key HRV parameters contribute differently to autonomic regulation, emphasizing the complexity of HRV changes in PD rehabilitation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that aerobic exercise induces beneficial autonomic adaptations in PD patients, as reflected by HRV changes. The identification of response subgroups suggests the need for personalized rehabilitation strategies to optimize autonomic function. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term impact of HRV-guided rehabilitation interventions in PD management.

Nowadays, there is a huge challenge linked to multi drugs resistant issue; therefore, researchers are seeking alternatives to antibiotics, such as plants essential oils and extracts. Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) a pathogenic bacterium, which is associated with several chronic illnesses. Therefore, the ongoing research aimed to examine the chemical profile and biological activity (Quorum sensing inhibition and Antivirulence efficacy) of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EgEO) in inhibiting S. aureus survival. EgEO were chemically identified by FTIR and GC-MS assessments. The antibacterial effect of EgEO against the virulent strains was assessed utilizing the disk diffusion method. Eucalyptol (45.20 %) and o-Cymene (25.42 %) were the principal constituents of the studied EgEO. The EgEO is particularly active against the S. aureus strains; with inhibition zones around (50.33 ± 0.57 mm). EgEO is notably able to prevent QS by blocking violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (CECT 494), and further reducing the EPS production by 95.40 ± 0.14 %, and biofilm formation by 96.58 ± 0.95 %. Likewise, slime production was affected by EgEO. ADMET of EgEO identified phytocompounds are further confirmed as interesting candidates for additional research and evolution of novel antimicrobial agents. Besides, molecular docking revealed excellent interaction of the detected chemical compounds, targeting some known enzymes involved in QS activities. These findings highlighted the possible employ of EgEO against the pathogenic S. aureus , and block infection promoting factors regulated by QS mechanism.

The principal aim of this study was to detect potential pharmacologically active compounds in Moringa oleifera , which have shown promise as therapeutic agents against diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical structures obtained from verified PubChem database, andfurther analysed through molecular docking, ADMET prediction, modelling, and MMPBSA free energy calculations, with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) receptor protein target derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). This study screened 42 phytochemical compounds from M. oleifera for their binding affinity towards the catalytic site of the PPAR-γ protein. In a screening study, two specific molecules, epicatechin and genistein, exhibited remarkable binding affinity towards the catalytic site of the PPAR-γ protein. The bonding interfaces were noted to be superior to rosiglitazone,an economically available PPAR-γ agonist. Results from a comprehensive investigation showed that the bound ligands recognised collaborations with conserved protein zones through hydrogen bonding, polar contacts, and hydrophobic interactions. Specifically, molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA free energy results (−22.28 ± 1.12 and −20.77 ± 0.55 kcal/mol, respectively) indicate that epicatechin and genistein exhibit good interactions with the PPAR-γ receptor. The phytochemicals identified in this researchdemonstrate their potential to effectively target this therapeutic target and establish a complex hydrogen bond network within the binding pocket. Particularly, the hydrogen binding route detected in the epicatechin and genisteinagentswas found to be more favourable and extensive when compared to the PPAR-γ agonists. This analytical approach specificallyaimed to recognise the best-performing phytochemicals from M. oleifera . This is to advance recent formulation of anti-diabetic medication, primarily for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. The results obtained revealed that the natural additives, epicatechin and genistein, can modulate PPAR-γ activitywith improved efficacy. These natural materials are more prospective and attractive for further explorationas potential therapeutic agents targeting this receptor.