Rainfall infiltration affects slope stability by changing the pore water pressure in soil. In this study, indoor vertical infiltration tests were performed on silt columns. The instantaneous profile method and filter paper method were used to obtain the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and hydraulic conductivity function(HCF). During the rainfall infiltration test, the vertical patters of volumetric moisture contents, total hydraulic head or suction and the wetting front were recorded. Advancing displacement and rate of the wetting front, the cumulative infiltration, the instantaneous infiltration rate, the average infiltration rate were determined to assess rainfall infiltration process comprehensively, combining with SWCC and HCF. Additionally, the effects of dry density and runoff on the one-dimensional (1D) vertical infiltration process of soil columns were evaluated. The results showed that the variation curve of the wetting front displacement versus time obeys a power function relationship, the infiltration rate–time relationship curve and the unsaturated permeability curve could be roughly divided into three stages, and the SWCC and HCF calculated by volumetric moisture content are more sensitive to changes in dry density than to changes in runoff or hydraulic head height.