Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that impacts the central nervous system. It is distinguished by processes like demyelination, gliosis, neuro-axonal harm, and inflammation. The prevailing theory suggests that MS originates from an immune response directed against the body’s own antigens within the central nervous system. Aim: The main aim of this research paper “Neuroinflammation-on-a-Chip” for studying multiple sclerosis is to enhance our comprehension of MS development, demonstrate the application of cutting-edge technology, and potentially provide valuable insights for therapeutic approaches. Methods: The available literature for this Narrative Review was searched on various bibliographic databases, PubMed, NCBI, and many other medical references using an individually verified, prespecified approach. Studies regarding the significance of MS and its neuroinflammatory pathogenesis in addition to the development and optimization of neuroinflammatory-on-a-chip and the advancement in innovations in this field have been reviewed in this research for a better understanding of “Neuroinflammation-on-a-chip for multiple sclerosis”. The level of evidence of the included studies was considered as per the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendations. Results: Several studies have indicated that the brain-chip model closely mimics cortical brain tissue compared to commonly used conventional cell culture methods like the Transwell culture system. Additionally, these studies have clearly demonstrated that further research using brain chips has the potential to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and roles of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transporters in both normal and disease conditions. Conclusion: Understanding neuroinflammation processes remains essential to establish new MS treatments approaches. The utilization of brain chips promises to advance our understanding of the molecular processes involving BBB transporters, both in normal and diseased states. Further research needs to be addressed in order to enhance the performance and understanding of neuroinflammation on a chip, hence aiming to provide more effective treatments for all CNS diseases.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an adverse event that most commonly occurs in patients undergoing bisphosphonate therapy and remains a significant challenge for dentists. Its clinical presentation varies according to the stages of the disease, depending on clinical and radiological findings. We report the case of an 81-year-old man presenting with a cutaneous fistula and purulent drainage from the lower right side of the mandible. The patient was under chemotherapy and receiving zoledronic acid treatment, administered as an intravenous injection every six months for 10 years. Oral manifestations of MRONJ can present with diverse lesions requiring careful clinical evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate management.

Purpose This in vitro study aims to assess implant placement positioning accuracy using static or dynamic guidance by measuring 3D, 2D, and volumetric deviations of 20 implants compared to the reference implant position obtained following preoperative implant planning. Methods A case of single-tooth edentulism was used to simulate the situation of single implant placement. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan (Orthophos SL 3D, Dentsply Sirona, Mölndal, Sweden) of the model was taken, and implant planning was done on the Blue Sky Plan (BSP) software (Blue Sky Bio, New York City, NY), generating an implant reference position. The 20 printed models were randomly divided into two equal groups, with both receiving implant placement using either static guidance using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-printed templates (group 1) or dynamic guidance using the X-Guide® (X-Nav Technologies, LLC, Lansdale, PA, USA) navigation system (group 2). A high-precision non-reflective abutment-level scan body was mounted on the implant directly after placement, and a surface scan was taken. The reference implant and placed implant standard tessellation language (STL) files were aligned using the Medit Link® software (Medit, Seoul, South Korea). Three-dimensional and 2D deviations were assessed using the Geomagic® Control X software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC), and volumetric deviation was assessed using the Blender™ software (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio version 2024.12.1 (Posit Software, Boston, MA). Results Twenty scans were obtained in total (n = 10 per group). The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis revealed statistical significance in terms of 3D coronal deviation (p < 0.001), coronal linear deviation (CLD) (p = 0.036), coronal vertical deviation (CVD) (p < 0.001), and apical vertical deviation (AVD) (p = 0.001). However, 3D apical deviation (p = 0.131), apical linear deviation (ALD) (p = 0.945), angular deviation (p = 0.097), and accuracy percentage (p = 0.954) did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Dynamic guidance showed higher coronal and vertical deviations compared to static guidance, while overall accuracy and global implant deviation remained comparable between the techniques. This in vitro study consisted of resin models lacking bone density or gingival tissue simulation, which limits the extrapolation of the findings to clinical practice. With that being said, further validation of these results through clinical studies involving a larger sample is required.