Japan is subject to global interest due to its waste management system, which aims for sustainability and is known for its efficiency. The purpose of this study is to examine Japan’s steps towards sustainable waste management practices and highlight its formation, achievements, problems, and prospects for the future. Through a comprehensive review of official governmental data and the academic literature, the main achievements—including extensive government initiatives such as proposing programs, plans, and legislation for sustainable waste management and encouraging public involvement in establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (SMCS) and 3Rs—were defined. Thus, the state and the population alike take general measures to combat pollution. Looking at the future of waste management in Japan, the country continues to struggle despite all these efforts and impressive results. It is focusing on developing more sustainable and cost-effective solutions. This includes investing in new technologies, increasing efforts to reduce and recycle waste, and promoting environmental awareness.

Over the past century, economic and social progress has been accompanied by environmental degradation due to irrational consumption of resources and waste production. To address these problems, maintaining a balance between economic, social and environmental aspects, in 2015 the UN presented their new plan “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by 2030”, including its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Respectively, the Circular Economy is gaining prominence as a tool that offers solutions to some of the most global challenges of sustainable development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the primary role and functions of the circular economy in achieving sustainable development goals. The core concepts of the circular economy and sustainable development strategies were examined during the research process, and a review of the existing scientific material was conducted to investigate the relationship between the terms. Particular attention was paid to the Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production, which is most interdependent with the circular economy. The conclusion identified significant similar principles and values that emerge from the scientific articles on circular economy and sustainable development. The research results can serve as a theoretical and practical basis for achieving sustainable development goals in the areas of environmental and economic management.

Sustainable development is a global issue aimed at solving environmental problems such as climate change caused by poor waste management. Although the problem affects all communities and countries, its effects differ depending on the management strategies. The study’s primary purpose was to investigate the impact of environmental awareness and education to solve waste problems. It is significant since it provides detailed information that might be used to develop environmental strategies to contain the menace. The authors approached the investigation using a systematic literature review, which involved gathering and synthesizing information about the research title and concluding based on insights gained. The results indicate that Japan has a long history of protecting the environment through various initiatives, such as law enactment and incorporating environmental education into the school curriculum. Although Japanese culture encourages individuals, organizations, and communities to respect the environment, the government should introduce robust measures, such as subsidizing recycling to encourage waste reduction. The findings are significant since the information is useful to integrate appropriate environmental programs in domestic schools to encourage innovation and ensure everyone makes waste management a personal responsibility.

This work is devoted to the study of the translation of elliptical constructions in oral speech. The characterization of ellipsis in Japanese and creation its typology. Ellipsis as a phenomenon is a basic characteristic of every language. It is commonly found in several languages, one of which is Japanese. Ellipsis causes difficulties in learning the language, since problems might arise not with unfamiliar vocabulary presented in the text, but on the contrary with words missing in it. In addition, ellipsis is considered an important element in the culture of interpersonal communication between Japanese people, when in a speech both individual words and significant parts of the utterance can be omitted, and the listener should be able to independently recover the missing information based on the context, specific speech situation or his background knowledge. The problems of perception and translation of elliptical structures can be solved by forming a conscious idea of the ellipsis and the rules of its functioning in Japanese. This skill is one of the most important in the perception of oral and written speech in natural conditions, and the ability to independently use elliptical constructions makes speech less complicated, which allows it to sound more natural. Key words: ellipsis, elliptical constructions, linguistics, translation, oral speech.

The eco-city concept appeared only a few decades ago, but it has already managed to spread not only to developed, but also to developing countries of the world. Now this concept is being resorted to both locally and internationally to solve environmental problems and challenges. These problems and challenges have arisen due to intensive industrialization and rapid urbanization, which still continue in Asia. This scientific article provides an overview of the results of solving problems in East Asian states, such as Japan and China, and how successful these results are. Although these countries are located in the same region, their approach to implementing the eco-city concept is different. This is due to the difference, firstly, in the political regime, and, secondly, in the stage of economic development. In China, the development of an eco-city has spread very widely, but this development looks very different compared to Japan according to different criteria, for example, what goals have been set and whose interests this city will serve. For this reason, a classification is provided that defines the difference between all eco-cities in China. Due to the fact that it is impossible to compare and list all the differences between the eco-cities of the two countries, we took the best practices of these countries. We will try to determine the differences through a comparative analysis of these cities - Kitakyushu in Japan and Tianjin in China. Key words: eco-city, Japan, China, Kitakyushu, Tianjin, KPI. Эко-қaлa тұ жы рымдaмaсы ның дaмып жaтқaнынa бір не ше он жыл дық уaқыт болсa дa, әлемнің дaмығaн жә не дaму шы ел де рі не де йін ке ңі нен жaйы лып, жер гі лік ті жә не хaлықaрaлық деңгейде гі эко ло гиялық сын-те геурін дер мен проб лемaлaрды ше шу ге бaғыттaлғaн. Ол сын-те геуріндер мен проб лемaлaр Азия ел де рін де қaрқын ды жү ріп жaтқaн ин ду ст риялaнды ру мен шaпшaң қaлaлaну үр діс те рі нен туын дaғaн. Бұл ғы лы ми мaқaлaдa Шы ғыс Азия ның екі үл кен aлпaуыттaры – Жaпо ния мен Қытaйдa – ұқсaс қaрқын ды ин ду ст риялaнды ру мен шaпшaң қaлaлaну үр діс тері нен пaйдa болғaн сaлдaрын ше шу де эко-қaлa құ бы лы сы қaншaлық ты өр кен де ге ні жaзылғaн. Со ны мен қaтaр бір aймaқтың ел де рі болғaны мен, эко-қaлa тұ жы рымдaмaсын орындaудa мүл дем өз ге ше тә сіл дер ді қолдaнғaнын кө ру ге болaды. Ол, ең aлды мен, ел дің сaяси ре жи мі мен, содaн ке йін эко но микaлық дaму сaты сы ның өз ге ше лі гі мен тү сін ді рі ле ді. Қытaйдa эко-қaлa құ ры лы сының дaмуы кең қaнaт жaйғaны мен, aлдынa қойғaн мaқсaттaры мен кім нің мүд де сі не қыз мет ететі ні жaғынaн Жaпо ниямен сaлыс тырғaндa мүл дем өз ге ше. Сол се беп ті ҚХР-дaғы эко-қaлaлaрдың өзaрa aйырмaшы лы ғын дa aйқындaйт ын топтaсты ры лу кел ті ріл ген. Бұл мaқaлaдa екі мем ле кет тің бет ке ұстaр әрі ең үз дік деп сaнaлaтын үл гі ле рін – Жaпо нияның Китaкю сю эко-мо дель қaлaсы мен Қытaйдың Тяньцзинь эко-қaлaсын – сaлыс тырмaлы тaлдaу aрқы лы ерек ше лік те рі aнықтaлды. Тү йін сөз дер: эко-қaлa, Жaпо ния, Қытaй, Китaкю сю, Тяньцзинь, KPI. Все го лишь нес колько де ся ти ле тий нaзaд поя вилaсь кон цеп ция эко-го родa, но онa уже успелa рaсп рострa нить ся не толь ко нa рaзви тые, но и нa рaзвивaющие стрaны мирa. Те перь к этой кон цеп ции при бегaют и нa локaль ном, и нa меж дунaрод ном уров не для рaзре ше ния эко ло гичес ких проб лем и вы зо вов. Эти проб ле мы и вы зо вы появи лись вс ледс твие ин тен сив ной ин ду стриaлизaции и ус ко рен ной урбa низa ции, ко то рые про должaют ся в стрaнaх Азии. В дaнной нaуч ной стaтье пре достaвлен об зор ре зуль тaтов по ре ше нию проб лем в тaких держaвaх Вос точ ной Азии, кaк Япо ния и Китaй, a тaкже нaсколь ко эти ре зуль тaты ус пеш ны. Хо тя эти стрaны рaспо ло же ны в од ном и том же ре ги оне, но их под хо ды по осу ще ст вле нию кон цеп ции эко-го родa от личaют ся. Это объяс няет ся рaзни цей, во-пер вых, в по ли ти чес ком ре жи ме, и, во-вто рых, в эко но ми чес ко го рaзви тии. В КНР рaзви тие эко-го родa очень ши ро ко рaсп рострa ни лось, но это рaзви тие сов сем по-дру го му выг ля дит по срaвне нию с Япо нией по рaзным кри те риям, нaпри мер, кaкие це ли бы ли постaвле ны, и чьим ин те ресaм...

At the beginning of the new millennium, a term appeared in literary sources explaining the desire to strengthen urban sustainability. Currently, this new phenomenon - an eco-city - has reached its height. The significant role of the eco-city is in solving such environmental problems as global warming, climate change and accelerated urbanization of the cities. That is, he began to become the focus of the mayors in their policies. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the concept of “eco-city”. The article is devoted to the review of the most famous eco-cities around the world, as well as the definition of the same significant terms of the process of urban sustainability as “sustainable city”, “smart city”. This article uses the method of reviewing literary sources, a comprehensive analysis of the statistical data of scientists who dealt with this issue. As a result, it turned out: the phases of development of the concept of “eco-city”, and the types of ecocities themselves, which are also the types of their implementation. According to these parameters, this article presents descriptions of 79 eco-cities. The significance of this work lies in determining the similarities and differences between the projects of eco-cities in the world and the eco-model of a city in Japan.