This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for developing functional FRS products and underscores the importance of FRS in anti-obesity research and the advanced utilization of Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi resources.

Chronic alcohol consumption increases anesthetic tolerance, yet the underlying in vivo mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that long-term alcohol exposure reduces anesthetic efficacy in both humans and mice, prolonging induction and shortening maintenance. Fecal microbiota transplantation from alcohol-exposed donors recapitulated this phenotype in naive mice, indicating a causal role of gut microbiome alterations. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses identified elevated adenosine as a key microbiota-derived metabolite. Adenosine supplementation decreased anesthetic sensitivity, likely via downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Our findings reveal a gut microbiota-adenosine pathway mediating alcohol-induced anesthetic resistance.