The present review discusses the role of silver (AgNPs) and selenium (SeNPs) nanoparticles at different concentrations in the regulation of plant defence responses to the biotic stressors. Study of the role of the above nanoparticles (NPs) has generated considerable interest because these caused significant changes in the framework of plant growth and their metabolism and play an important role in responses to biotic stress factors. Numerous results of metabolomics studies provide evidence that NPs change the profile of metabolites and their concentrations. NPs were applied as potential tools to improve the growth of plants, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and food production, but research on the environmental safety of their use in agriculture is still necessary. The response of plants to the application of NPs depends on their concentration, plant species, exposure time and stage of development.

Post-harvest bacterial infections pose a serious threat to modern agriculture, resulting in substantial financial losses and environmental issues. Every year, microbial spoiling causes a significant loss in fruit and vegetable production, and traditional control techniques are frequently insufficient. This review highlights novel delivery systems such as edible films and coatings while analyzing recent developments in bacteriophage-based post-harvest disease management techniques. Bacterial resistance, environmental stability, and regulatory issues restrict the use of bacteriophages, despite their high specificity, biodegradability, and low environmental impact. Phage viability in storage and the field has increased thanks to developments in formulation technologies, such as encapsulation and stabilization. The review highlights the practical implementation of phage applications in post-harvest disease management, with a particular focus on innovative delivery systems as well as integrating legal and regulatory viewpoints. By bridging scientific innovation with legal and commercial considerations, this work offers an interdisciplinary foundation for advancing sustainable, phage-based approach.

Bacterial diseases cause significant economic losses and pose a major challenge to global crop yields. These diseases reduce yields and affect food security, particularly for small-scale farmers in developing regions. Post-harvest losses also contribute to resource waste, soil degradation, and deforestation. Conventional management strategies, such as synthetic fungicides and antimicrobials, raise concerns about environmental sustainability, human health, and pathogen resistance. Bacteriophages—viruses that selectively infect bacterial pathogens—offer a highly specific and eco-friendly alternative for disease management both post-harvest and pre-harvest, reducing the need for chemical pesticides throughout the plant lifecycle. This review examines bacteriophage biology, advantages over traditional treatments, and challenges to their application. Phages effectively target pathogens such as Pectobacterium, Xanthomonas, Xylella, Clavibacter, and Dickeya, while preserving beneficial microorganisms. Key challenges include bacterial resistance, regulatory hurdles, and phage stability under environmental conditions. Advances in phage genomics, bioengineering, and formulation have enhanced viability and efficacy, supporting phages as promising biocontrol agents. Integrating phage therapy with other eco-friendly strategies may improve effectiveness further. Future research should focus on optimizing production, refining regulations, and large-scale field studies to ensure practical feasibility. Addressing these issues will help bacteriophages contribute significantly to sustainable plant disease management and global food security.

Celem opracowania jest podjęcie namysłu nad dobrostanem psychicznym dziecka funkcjonującego w procesie edukacji szkolnej w czasach pandemii. W artykule odnajdujemy teoretyczne rozważania na temat pojęcia dobrostanu psychicznego, syntetyczną analizę funkcjonowania systemu edukacji szkolnej, szczególnie w okresie pandemii Covid – 19. Celem badań autorki jest zweryfikowanie poczucia dobrostanu psychicznego dzieci w procesie ich uczestnictwa w zdalnej edukacji szkolnej, zaś problem badawczy zawarty został w pytaniu: w jakim stopniu dziecko będące uczestnikiem szkolnej edukacji zdalnej odczuwa satysfakcję z procesu własnej edukacji, własnej aktywności, zaistniałego stanu rzeczy? W trakcie analizy zebranego materiału badawczego Autorka podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie ukazując różnorodne konteksty funkcjonowania ucznia w procesie nauczania zdalnego.

The effect of selected essential oils on rape pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum was estimated in vitro studies. S. sclerotiorum showed the lowest susceptibility to the examined essential oil treatments. The thyme oil displayed the highest fungistatic effect and suppressed the culture growth of all tested fungal species when applied at the concentration of 0.2 and 0.02%. The lemongrass oil applied at the concentration of 0.2 and 0.02% inhibited the culture growth of the examined species from 90 to 100%. The tea tree and grapefruit essential oils applied and the concentration less than 0.2% showed poor effectiveness or no fungistatic effect on F. oxysporum and S. sclerotiorum. W warunkach in vitro określano wpływ wybranych olejków eterycznych na wzrost liniowy grzybów, którym przypisuje się cechy patogenów rzepaku: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma lingam, Rhizoctonia solani i Fusarium oxysporum. Spośród badanych grzybów najmniej wrażliwy na aplikację olejków do pożywki okazał się gatunek Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Najsilniejszymi właściwościami fungistatycznymi odznaczał się olejek tymiankowy. Jego obecność w podłożu w stężeniu 0,2 i 0,02% przyczyniła się do zahamowania w 100% wzrostu wszystkich testowanych grzybów. Olejek z trawy cytrynowej w stężeniu 0,2 i 0,02% hamował wzrost testowanych grzybów w zakresie od 90 do 100%. Najmniej skuteczne były olejki grejpfrutowy i z drzewa herbacianego, które nie wykazywały właściwości fungistatycznych wobec F. oxysporum i S. sclerotiorum w stężeniu poniżej 0,2%.

In this study, three fungi species (Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) were discriminated using hyperspectral and red-green-blue (RGB) data and machine learning methods. The fungi were incubated at 25 °C for 10 days on potato dextrose agar in Petri dishes. The Hyperspectral data were acquired using an ASD spectroradiometer, which measures reflectance with 3 and 10 nm bandwidths over the range 350–1000 nm and the range 1000–2500 nm, respectively. The RGB images were collected using a digital Canon 450D camera equipped with the DIGIC 3 processor. The research showed the possibility of distinguishing the analysed fungi species based on hyperspectral curves and RGB images and assessing this differentiation using machine learning statistical methods (extreme boosting machine with bootstrap simulation). The best results in analysed fungi discrimination based on hyperspectral data were achieved using the Principal Component Analysis method, in which the average values of recognition and accuracy for all three species were 0.96 and 0.93, respectively. The wavelengths of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength region appeared to be the most effective in distinguishing B. cinerea-R. solani and B. cinerea-S. sclerotiorum, while of the visible range (VIS) of electromagnetic spectrum in discrimination of R. solani-S. sclerotiorum. The hyperspectral reflectance data were strongly correlated with the intensity of the pixels in the visible range (R² = 0.894–0.984). The RGB images proved to be successfully used primarily for the identification of R. solani (recognition = 0.90, accuracy = 0.79) and S. sclerotiorum (recognition = 0.84, accuracy = 0.76). The greatest differences in the intensity of the pixels between B. cinerea and R. solani as well as R. solani and S. sclerotiorum occurred in the blue band and in distinguishing B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum in the red band.