Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are two highly related processes that, when interacted with, can have profound health consequences. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the inflammatory response is the body's response to injury, infection, or tissue damage. This work was designed to review the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory response to provide useful information. Relevant and accurate literature were sourced from WHO. CDC, NCDC, PubMed, Scopus, PLoS One, and NATURE journals. Interference between these two processes can lead to accelerated aging, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological diseases. Maintaining a balance between oxidative stress and the inflammatory response is critical to promoting overall health and preventing the progression of chronic disease. Several knowledge and research gaps were found and reported in this study. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are closely related, and their dysregulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancer. Management of oxidative stress and inflammation through lifestyle modification and medical interventions, including appropriate attention to the knowledge and research gaps identified in this work, could provide significant therapeutic benefits in these conditions.

Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances that have health-benefit potentials. Fibrinogen is produced in the liver cells. Highest concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are found in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, and alanine transaminase (ALT) is a liver enzyme. Overdose of amoxicillin, an antibiotic, can lead to hemolysis, hepatotoxicity, and inflammation. This study was therefore designed to determine the use of raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice as a possible first-aid antidote in drug-induced toxicity. Fifteen rabbits of the same gender weighing 0.9-1.4 kg were used for the study. They were divided into three groups of five rabbits each as follows: Group A—five control rabbits; Group B—five rabbits, given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for seven days and was followed by 30 mL raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; Group C—five rabbits, given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma LDH, ALT, and fibrinogen were determined in the rabbits by spectrophotometry. There was a significant increase in plasma ALT and LDH and a significant decrease in fibrinogen following amoxicillin overdose compared with the results obtained from the basal samples and the control rabbits. These abnormalities were reversed when raw cucumber fruit juice was administered to the experimental rabbits initially overdosed with amoxicillin (p<0.05). There was a significant increase in the plasma value of LDH in the rabbits when they were supplemented with raw cucumber fruit juice following amoxicillin overdose and when the rabbits were coadministered with raw cucumber fruit juice and amoxicillin overdose compared with their basal samples (p0.05). This study showed an increase in plasma ALT and LDH, and a decrease in fibrinogen following the administration of subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin; however, these abnormalities were reversed when the rabbits were administered 30 mL of raw cucumber fruit juice. Raw cucumber fruit juice could be applied as first-aid antidote in drug induced toxicity.

Exosomes have gained recognition as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers due to their stability and disease-specific cargos. Exosomes, once dismissed as cellular debris, are now acknowledged as crucial mediators of intercellular communications and disease. These nanosized vesicles transport dynamic cargos consisting of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, enabling cells to exchange information and influence each other’s behavior. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of exosomes, particularly their emergence as biomarkers for various diseases. To conduct research for this review, a comprehensive literature search strategy was employed across various databases using keywords related to exosomes, biomarkers, cellular communication, disease diagnosis, and more. Selected articles were evaluated based on their relevance, and data were extracted, synthesized, and categorized according to thematic content. Quality assessment was performed on different types of articles, ensuring robust findings. In cancer, exosomes act as liquid biopsy samples, revealing genetic mutations, and protein markers. The misfolded proteins characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are carried by exosomes. Moreover, exosomes have been studied as biomarkers for cardiovascular, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. In addition to their functions as biomarkers, exosomes influence the tumor microenvironment, immune response, synaptic plasticity, and tissue regeneration. Challenges remain to fill research gaps and standardize exosome analyses. Exosomes are pivotal in intercellular communication and for disease diagnosis, offering insights into cellular processes, immunity, and regeneration. Future research may reshape our understanding of cellular communication and drive therapeutic interventions. Although challenges must be addressed, exosomes hold undeniable potential for use in personalized medicine and biomedical research.

Thirty anaemic pregnant women aged 29.5 ± 6.5 years with baseline mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.8 ± 2.0% were studied. Freshly prepared Ugu (pumpkin-Telfaira occidentalis) mixture containing ugu (pumpkin) fluid, raw content of egg and peak evaporated unsweetened milk was administered orally to each of the pregnant women three times in a day for seven days. Packed cell volume was carried out by capillary tube method. There was an observed significantly mean value of PCV (29.5 ± 2.2% ) a day following the administration of the mixture ( P < 0.05). The use of the mixture in the treatment of anaemia would reduce exposure to the risk of HIV/AIDS and Hepatities B infections that could occur with blood transfusion. Key words: pumpkin leaves, anaemia, pregnancy, milk, raw egg, PCV Afr. J. Trad. Comp. Alt. Med. Vol.2(3) 2005: 269 - 273

Background: HCV burdens Nigeria with chronic infections, influenced by genotypes (1, 2, 3) and evasive immune responses. Tailored strategies are crucial. Aims and Objective: This review examines HCV in Nigeria, emphasizing immunity, risk factors, genotypes, and prevalence. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Nature/Nature and African Journals Online. The following keywords were used: "Hepatitis C Virus," "HCV," "innate immunity," "adaptive immunity," "genotypes," "prevalence," "Nigeria," and related term. Inclusion criteria encompassed Nigerian studies on immunity, genotypes, and prevalence. Extracted data included study specifics, demographics, methods, and prevalence, assessed using quality tools. Findings were synthesized to uncover immune responses, genotypes, and prevalence patterns. Findings: Transmission risk factors in Nigeria encompass blood transfusion, injection drug use, healthcare exposure, tattooing, sexual contact, HIV, and HBV co-infections. HCV prevalence ranges from 2.2% to 24.2%. Genotype 1 dominates, particularly subtypes 1a and 1b, with genotypes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 also present. HCV's evasion tactics hinder innate and adaptive immunity responses. Research gaps include limited immune profiling, genotype-host dynamics understanding, immune interventions scarcity, and data integration absence. Co-infection impacts and regional prevalence variations necessitate further exploration. Addressing these gaps is crucial for a holistic comprehension of HCV in Nigeria, guiding effective strategies. Globally, HCV prevalence varies (1.7% to 13.8%), with around 62 million affected by chronic HCV in 2019. Innate and adaptive immune responses are pivotal for controlling HCV. Conclusion: This review offers a comprehensive understanding, bridging knowledge gaps, and influencing evidence-based interventions to combat HCV in Nigeria.

Background:Disease epidemiology encompasses a wide range of health conditions, divided into communicable and noncommunicable diseases.Aim and Objective:This systematic review investigates the intricate connection between genetic susceptibility and disease development within these categories. Understanding genetic factors is crucial for improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The central research question is as follows: Which genes are linked to susceptibility to communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and how do these genetic elements affect susceptibility? We hypothesize that an exhaustive analysis of the literature will reveal numerous genes associated with both types of diseases, revealing the complex genetic landscape influencing susceptibility.Methodology:This systematic review follows a rigorous methodology, including comprehensive search strategies, well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, publication bias assessment, data extraction, quality evaluation, and data synthesis, adhering to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to ensure transparency and ethical presentation. Several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Springer Nature, AJOL, CrossRef, Scopus, and Web of Science, were systematically searched to retrieve published articles.Findings:In communicable diseases, the genetic factors influencing susceptibility extend beyond well-established genes, warranting further investigation under conditions such as COVID-19, HIV, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B. Noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders, offer promising avenues for exploring additional genetic variations. Research gaps include understanding the functional impact of the identified polymorphisms, their interaction with environmental factors, and their implications for rare diseases.Conclusion:Genome-wide association studies and gene editing therapies have the potential to expand our understanding and therapeutic options for genetically based diseases. This comprehensive review contributes to the evolving landscape of genetic susceptibility and its implications for public health and personalized medicine.