Health surveys provide important information on the burden and secular trends of risk factors and disease. Several factors including survey and item non-response can affect data quality. There are few reports on efficiency, validity and the impact of item non-response, from developing countries. This report examines factors associated with item non-response and study efficiency in a national health survey in a developing Caribbean island.

In this chapter, we will explore and review published data on carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales. Since the first published report of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), other reports of carbapenemase enzymes have been reported globally and, by extension, from the English-speaking Caribbean. Several enzymes have been reported since the detection of KPC including oxacillinase (OXA)-48 like carbapenemase, Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) carbapenemase, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM), Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM), and others. The ability to detect the carbapenemase enzyme is largely dependent on available infrastructure. Due to resource limitations, most centres have to rely on phenotypic tests and often are unable to describe at a molecular level the nature of the underlying carbapenemase genes. Regardless, in this report, we will do an extensive review of the literature to see what current reports are of these enzymes. This review will address the epidemiology and etiology of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), a subset of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE); detection methods; management; and recommended treatments of CP-CRE and infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies for managing CP-CRE. The primary source of information will be through a review of published literature to date.

The chapter discusses the history and context of urban renewal in Jamaica and shares the country’s integrated model for urban renewal, as well as the lessons learned from over two decades of implementation. As the urban planning landscape evolves there is a call to move in new directions, incorporating concepts which embody the development of human capital. One call is to re-position urban renewal as a public health tool to reduce crime and violence, communicable and non-communicable diseases, especially for the urban poor and urban youth who share a greater burden of Jamaica’s status as a Low/Middle Income Country (LMIC) and Small Island Developing State (SIDS). The call for the paradigm shift from gender-blind to gender-sensitive urban planning is expected to promote policy coherence between commitments to gender mainstreaming and gender equality and urban development modalities. There is also the need for a new governance framework to support the active participation of the average resident in the decision making process for land use management and other aspects of urban renewal to meet the goals of the New Urban Agenda and to realize Vision 2030 Jamaica, making “Jamaica, the place of choice to live, work, raise families and do business”.

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Open access peer-reviewed chapter