The olive tree is a significant woody crop in the Mediterranean basin, with the primary olive-growing areas located in the south and southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Climate plays a crucial role in crop distribution, viability, production, and yield. The climatic and topographical conditions of Extremadura in southwestern Spain, were analysed to characterise and group the olive-growing areas. To achieve this, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to locate all registered olive tree plots. The orientations and elevations of these were analysed, along with the average, minimum, and maximum temperatures, precipitation, and frost for the period of 1990–2021. The study reveals that olive groves in Extremadura are primarily situated at elevations ranging from 200 to 600 m above sea level. Additionally, it was found that the least common orientation is towards the north. Temperatures are not a constraint for olive growing, except in the mountainous areas in the north of the region; however, rainfall can be a limiting factor. In fact, 50% of the olive-growing area receives less rainfall than is considered adequate for optimal production. Frost days and the low probability of severe frosts are not a problem for olive growing in this region, except in the highest parts of the region. The scale of this study, at plantation level, will enable the implementation of measures aimed at climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Chronic diarrhea is a common symptom attended in a Gastroenterology office. Occasionally, the diagnosis is a real challenge as there are multiple entities which their symptomatology is unremitting diarrhea. Herein we present a patient affected of intractable diarrhea who was transferred to our Department. After many laboratory, endoscopy and radiological tests, she was diagnosed with autoimmune enteropathy (AE) . She achieved clinical remission with corticosteroids and azathioprine.

Understanding drought, or wetness, conditions is essential not only for the rational use of water resources but also for explaining landscape and ecological characteristics. Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in aridity in many parts of the world. In semi-arid regions with warm climates, aridity poses a significant hazard, leading to the potential for desertification due to increased precipitation variability and prolonged droughts. Aridity indices can be employed to identify areas susceptible to desertification. In order to analyse the distribution of aridity in Extremadura, particularly in the areas covered by the olive oil denominations of origin in this region (the cultivation of olive trees is of great economic and social importance in Extremadura), the De Martonne aridity index (IDM) has been used. Temperatura and precipitation data from 81 weather stations located throughout Extremadura, within the 1951–2010 period, were utilised to calculate IDM at every station. Later, the IDM was mapped using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and a multivariate geostatistical approach (regression-kriging) that incorporated comprehensive secondary information on elevation. Annual an seasonal IDM-kriged maps were generated. Finally, temporal trends were analysed using the Mann-Kendall test, and the Sen’s estimator was utilised to estimate the magnitude of trends. An increase in aridity, as the IDM decreased, was apparent during the study period, mainly in the more humid locations of the north. An increase of the seasonal IDM was also found, but it was only statistically significant in some locations in spring and summer, with the highest decreasing rate in the north of Extremadura. Although the denominations of origin in the north of the region have higher decreasing rates, leading to a drier climate, the areas in the centre and south of the region and, in consequence, the denominations of origins within these areas, with more arid climates, can be more seriously affected by the increasing aridity.Keywords: Aridity; Climate Change; De Martonne aridity index; Extremadura; Olive tree.

Delineation of management zones in an olive orchard located in Badajoz, southwestern Spain was performed using the Rasch model. The objective was to obtain objective measures of production potential based on nine soil properties: soil apparent electrical conductivity, clay, sand, and silt content, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and cation exchange capacity. A total of 40 locations in the field were assessed, and the model integrated the soil properties to rank the locations according to their soil production potential. The influence of each individual soil property on the production potential was also determined. Any anomalies in the soil samples or properties were highlighted, providing information for site-specific treatments and enhancing cost-effectiveness and sustainability in field management. Geostatistical algorithms were employed to estimate and map soil production potential, enabling the delineation of management zones in the field based on a rational basis.Keywords: predictive map, probabilistic model, soil production, Extremadura, olive tree.