To determine antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates from clinical human diarrheal infections, cattle and healthy broilers. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C. jejuni isolates were determined by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion assay. These isolates were then subjected to virulence profiling for the detection of mapA (membrane-associated protein), cadF (fibronectin binding protein), wlaN (beta-l,3-galactosyltransferase) and neuAB (sialic acid biosynthesis gene). Further C. jejuni isolates were grouped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling. A total of 436 samples from poultry (n=88), cattle (n=216) and humans (n=132) from different locations were collected. Results revealed percentage of C. jejuni isolates were 35.2% (31/88), 25.0% (54/216) and 11.3% (15/132) among poultry, cattle and clinical human samples respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that similar resistance patterns to cephalothin was ie. 87.0%, 87.1% and 89%among humans, poultry and cattle respectively, followed by sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim 40.0%, 38.7% and 31.0% in humans, poultry and cattle and Ampicillin 40%, 32% and 20% in humans, poultry and cattle respectively. Beta-lactamase activity was detected in 40.00% humans, 20.37% cattle and 32.25% in poultry C. jejuni isolates. CadF and mapA were present in all poultry, cattle and human C. jejuni isolates, wlaN was not detected in any isolate and neuAB was found in 9/31 (36%) poultry isolates. RAPD profiling results suggested high diversity of C. jejuni isolates. Detection of multidrug resistant C. jejuni strains from poultry and cattle is alarming as they can be potential hazard to humans. Moreover, predominant association of virulence factors, cadF and mapA (100% each) in C. jejuni isolates from all sources and neuAB (36%) with poultry isolates suggest the potential source of transmission of diverse types of C. jejuni to humans.

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The current study focuses on the biodegradation of disperse textile dyes and studies enzymes involved in degradation process. Various textile dyes are used in textile industry to dye different fabrics and polyesters. During the dyeing process, most of the dyes are not adsorbed and washed into the wastewater which affects the marine system and, ultimately, human health. Microorganisms like white rot fungi (WRF) have great potential of biodegradation of dyestuffs due to their active, nonspecific lignolytic catalytic systems. In this study, the white-rot fungi Trametes gibbosa was employed. The targeted disperse dyes were Disperse Blue-I and Disperse Red-I which are widely used in textile industries. The fungus were cultured on different media, and various biochemical parameters were optimized. Maximum growth of T. gibbosa was observed under optimized biochemical conditions (30 oC temperature, pH 6, 2% carbon source, 1% inoculum size and media peptone dextrose agar (PDA)). The decolonization process was optimized by using different concentrations of disperse dyes and wastewater. T. gibbosa show maximum degradation after 6 days incubation against disperse Red1 and disperse Blue1at the concentration of 0.02% (absorbance of 1.56 to 2.98), 0.01% (absorbance 0.22 to 2.87), respectively. The fungus showing maximum degradation at 2% wastewater concentration, with absorbance values ranging from 0.61 to 0.84. The addition of readily available carbon and nitrogen sources further enhanced the degradation efficiency. The overall efficiency of fungi was found to be more than 80%. The study concluded that T. gibbosa is a potential microorganism for the treatment of industrial effluents. The fungus also has potential for the production of active degrading enzymes such as laccase and lignin peroxidase. Further research is recommended to overexpress these enzymes, used purified enzymes to biodegrade diverse textile harmful and carcinogenic industrial effluents.

Disperse dyes, frequently used in textile dyeing processes,present a particular challenge because of their recalcitrant nature. With an emphasis on wastewater effluent treatment, white-rot fungi Trametes versicolorwereused. The fungus was cultured on different media and optimizedvarious biochemical parameters (temperature, pH, inoculum size, dye concentration,and culturing time). After their biomass, disperse Red-I (DR1) and disperse Blue-I (DB1),and textile wastewater were biodegraded with the fungi T. versicolor. The growth of T. versicoloris time taking but maximum degradation by T. versicolor(0.02 to -0.11 during 3 days) is observed. In DB1 solutions and wastewater, absorbance values started at different points. However, the efficiency of fungi was found to be more than 80%. The potential of degradation of fungi in wastewater treatment can be further maximized to reduce environmental impact.